CARTOGRAPHIC DEPICTION OF RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS AND CEMETERIES ON CADASTRAL MAPS CREATED DURING THE FIRST CADASTRAL SURVEY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

The fact that, for as many as 130 years after its completion, the first systematic geodetic survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina has not been properly researched was the main incentive for this research and completion of this paper. The general public has not yet been properly familiarized with this subject. KARTOGRAFSKI PRIKAZI SAKRALNIH OBJEKATA I GROBLJA NA KATASTARSKIM PLANOVIMA STARE IZMJERE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE


Introduction
The fact that, for as many as 130 years after its completion, the first systematic geodetic survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina has not been properly researched was the main incentive for this research and completion of this paper.The general public has not yet been properly familiarized with this subject.
A religious facility is a facility intended to host religious and other rituals.According to the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina (URL 2), religious facilities include churches, mosques, chapels, synagogues, etc., as well as cemeteries, buildings erected on cemeteries, funeral parlours, and crematoriums.
The authors of plans and maps that portrayed Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past used to include religious facilities in their depictions.At first, buildings were depicted on maps in the form of perspective drawings (as seen when observing the terrain from a distance).The first detailed panoramas of Bosnian cities, created by B. Kuripešić in 1531, clearly show minarets of mosques within city walls (Kozličić, 2003).Collections of Venetian maritime charts from the second half of the 16 th century contain several panoramas bearing characteristics of cartographic maps (Kozličić, 1995), which portrayed Herzegovinian settlements and their mosques, Muslim and Jewish cemeteries, etc. Orthogonal horizontal projections and layout presentation of objects appeared in the late 17 th century.These methods required the introduction of descriptive symbols, which could provide information about the objects.One of the first examples of such a way of presenting religious building was the town plan of Bihać created by the Austrian military topographers in 1697, later reproduced by M. Marković (1998).It features a rectangular outline of a building with a descriptive symbol of a cross.According to the map's legend the object was a mosque which had previously been a church dedicated to St. Anthony.Austrian military plans of Bosnian towns made during the 18 th and 19 th century depicted numerous other facilities of religious character.In the late 19 th century the first detailed and comprehensive depiction of all 19.stoljeća nastaje prvi detaljan i sveobuhvatan prikaz svih tadašnjih religijskih objekata u Bosni i Hercegovini, prikazanim na katastarskim planovima bečkoga Vojnogeografskog instituta.
Katastarski planovi sadrže sve prostorne podatke o obliku i položaju nekretnina (granične crte katastarskih čestica i njihovih posebnih religious objects in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time was produced and presented on the cadastral maps of the Military Geographical Institute in Vienna. So far, very little attention has been devoted to study and analysis of cadastral maps created as part of the first systematic geodetic and cadastral survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1880 to 1884 (today commonly known as "the old survey").Comprehensive results of the survey were presented in German language by V. Wessely (1896), who participated in the said survey himself.To this day his book is the most significant work devoted to this subject.R. Gašparović (1970) included translated portions of this book in his work along with certain small amendments.His text was later on often literally transcribed by other authors.New and original research of the old survey and the accompanying data were given by A. Mulahusić (2007), N. Tuno (2014) and J. Topoljak (2015).The only work that deals with topographical symbols and signs on the maps from the old survey was written by K. Arnautović (2013).This work provided graphical representations of symbols and their German names with Bosnian translations so that the users of cadastral maps could interpret the symbols correctly.
Since the available literature does not contain specific research on cartographic depictions on cadastral maps from the old survey, this paper attempted to contribute to a very rich and underresearched cartographic heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina.It offers an analysis of symbols that were used to denote religious facilities built during the medieval Bosnian state and, more recently, the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy administrations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Cartographic depictions on cadastral maps
A cadastral map is a large-scale graphic representation of parcels on the Earth's surface and of everything permanently connected to the terrain on the surface or below it.It provides information about property relations on a surface and buildings erected on it, while the terrain is shown only horizontally (URL 1).
Tlocrti većih izgrađenih objekata na planovima se prikazuju površinskim ili konturnim znakovima, s obzirom na to da u prirodi imaju površinsko regulations.Residential, commercial, public and other buildings are an indispensable part of a cadastral map content (URL 3).Cadastral maps and cartographic depictions pertaining to them were, are, and will always continue to be the subject of special interest to various experts and all others interested in space planning and its future perspective (Frangeš, Mastelić-Ivić, 1999).
Various objects, points, borders, etc., shown on a map, are represented by symbols -cartographic depiction consisting of cartographic (topographic) symbols and their relationships (Frangeš, Mastelić-Ivić, 1999;URL 3).A topographic symbol is a means of cartographic expression that provides information about position, properties and numerical values of objects displayed on a plan or a map (Lovrić, 1988).A systematic list that explains each separate symbol is called a cartographic or topographic key (URL 1).Cartographic depictions on cadastral maps include basic geometrical and graphical elements such as points, lines, and surfaces, as well as cartographic symbols.When cartographic symbols are used to depict a location and quality of a facility they are referred to as labels.The term "label" also includes letters used for naming and describing objects on a map (Frangeš, Mastelić-Ivić, 1999).
Semantic image of a building's large-scale cartographic representation can be achieved by (Lovrić, 1988): -bolding the facility's layout contour lines; -filling the layout surface with different tonal values, graphic patterns or colours; -adding words, letters and/or numbers; -labelling; -emphasizing individual characteristics of the object by adding printed data or placing labels next to the building's layout.
According to the above, it is evident that only the use of both layout and descriptive images allows optimal depiction of position, quality, and quantity of displayed objects (URL 1).
Line symbols are used to depict objects that are linear in reality, while point symbols (Fig. 1b) are used to depict individual objects which cannot be depicted in a scale corresponding to the map because of their relatively small size (smaller manmade structures for instance).They are also known as conventional signs (URL 3).

The first national systematic geodetic and cadastral survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina
As a result of decisions reached at the Berlin Congress, Bosnia and Herzegovina became a part of the powerful Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (Fig. 2).Following the 1878 Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Austrian Military Headquarters issued a command for the Military Geographical Institute in Vienna (Germ.Wien: K.u.K. Militärgeographisches Institut -MGI) to carry out a survey of the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina as soon as possible (Marković, 1998).
The MGI began the survey of the occupied territories in 1879, developing a chain of primary triangulation throughout the central Bosnia and Herzegovina (Mugnier, 2013).This was followed by the adoption of "Instruction for Cadastral Survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina" (Germ.
Topografski znakovi bosanskohercegovačkih planova stare izmjere imaju vlastite karakteristike, ali i mnoge zajedničke značajke sa znakovima The survey began in 1880 and field work was completed in 1884 (Lukić, 1995).The graphical method, which assumed immediate creation of maps in the field, was applied in this survey.The survey depicted the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina on maps at scales 1:6250, 1:3125, 1:1562.5 and 1:781.25.Sheets of 1:6250 scale maps had nomenclature that consisted of marking zones, column, section, a quarter and a sixteenth.Nomenclature of maps made in scales 1:3125, 1:1562.5 and 1:781.25 depended on the nomenclature of the 1:6250 scale map (Topoljak, 2015).
At the beginning of the 20 th century, certain larger town areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina were surveyed one more time and maps of densely built parts of towns at scales 1:500 and 1:1000 were created (Tuno, 2014).The first set of instructions for the numerical cadastral survey were issued in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1887 with the aim of creating new maps (Germ.Instruction zur Ausführung der trigonometrischen und polygonometrischen Vermessungen.Behufs Herstellung neuer Pläne für die Zwecke des Grundsteuer-Katasters) (URL 5).Simultaneously, the aim was also the restoration of graphical survey (re-ambulation) in the outer (less built-up) urban areas.The instructions for creation of new town plans using plane tables was published in 1905 (Germ.Ausführung der Vermessungen mit Anwendung des Meßtisches behufs Herstellung neuer Pläne für die Zwecke des Grundsteuerkatasters) (URL 5).

Analysis of symbols for religious facilities in map keys of the old survey
In addition to boundary lines of administrative territorial units, cadastral municipalities, and cadastral parcels, maps created during the cadastral survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1880-1884) also depicted crops, buildings, etc. Cartographical depictions of those maps was determined according to a map key i.e. a collection of symbols (Germ.Zeichenmuster) printed on a 40 cm x 42 cm sheet, which was the nineteenth appendix of the instructions for the cadastral survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Topoljak, 2015).Appendix 21 of the second edition of this publication from 1881, contained an amended topographic key.
Topographic symbols used on the old survey maps of Bosnia and Herzegovina have their own characteristics, but also have many common katastarskih planova drugih dijelova Habsburške Monarhije, definiranih topografskim ključevima iz 1820.i 1865.
Comparison of the 1880 topographic map key to earlier collections of symbols reveals many similarities in cartographic depiction.In some cases there were significant changes of symbols in the new key.Since Bosnia and Herzegovina was rather specific in relation to other countries under the Austro-Hungarian rule, there was a number completely new symbols designed for this purpose.For example, the topographic map key from 1820 specifies 10 symbols used for mapping different types of buildings, while the 1865 key contains 20 such symbols (Bosse, 1981), and the 1880 topographic map key defines 24 different symbols for displaying buildings on maps.
According to the collection of topographical symbols printed in Vienna in 1880, it is assumed that basic graphical and geometric elements, symbols and scripts were to be used to depict religious facilities.All characters were drawn using black ink and, in some cases, area symbols are red and pink.There is a total of 17 symbols for religious facilities depicted and explained in the collection (Fig. 3).In the topographic map key the symbols are shown in their actual size, i.e. presented in the same way they are plotted on the map.In addition to its graphical design, each character features its name in German along with an explanation.Area (contour) symbols were intended to depict churches, synagogues and mosques built of solid materials, which could be displayed in the scale of a corresponding map.The purpose and type of such facilities was emphasized by using descriptive conventional point symbols in form of a Latin cross, Star of David and a crescent, drawn symmetrically into the basis of a building bordered by a 0.1 mm thick line.Such buildings were marked in red.Symbols for wooden churches, synagogues and mosques were filled in with black colour with descriptive symbols in shape of pomme cross, Star of David, or the crescent moon painted above the base of the building.Chapels and tombs were depicted in a similar manner, with descriptive symbols of iron cross or pomme cross drawn within the base shape and crescents drawn above the base of the building.Chapel and tombs built of solid material were indicated in pink while the wooden objects remained uncoloured.
Christian and Muslim religious objects (monuments) were presented using conventional Slika 3. Znakovni sustav za sakralne objekte predviđen topografskim ključem iz 1880.(točkastim signaturama) u obliku zvona ispunjenog ružičastom bojom, s kojim je spojen simbol križa ili polumjeseca.S obzirom na to da su ovo konkretni -individualni znakovi, u njihovu podnožju s desne strane ucrtan je kratki vodoravni potez kojim se oponaša sjena koju objekt baca.S bačenom sjenom su crtani i znakovi za kamene ili drvene križeve (raspela) podignute izvan grobalja.signs (point symbols) in form of bells filled with pink and topped by a cross or a crescent.Since such symbols are individual and concrete, there is a short horizontal line at their base on the right which illustrates the shadow the object casts.Symbols for stone or wooden crosses (crucifixes) erected outside cemeteries were also drawn with shadows at their bases.
Qualitative area symbolisation was used to indicate that there was a cemetery on a cadastral parcel.It was created by filling the surface with monotonous repetitive graphical symbols that resembled tombstones or religious symbols.It is interesting that symbols for cemeteries had shadows added although their purpose was descriptive.
Cartographic depiction on cadastral maps of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy is determined by a collection of signs.The collection was an appendix to the instruction manual for the methods of surveying triangulation and poligonometry.The first edition of this publication appeared in 1887 and its revised editions in 1889, 1896, 1900 and 1904.They were followed by new guidelines for cadastral survey in 1905 with a map key (i.e.Zeichenmuster) in appendix 13.A revised edition was published in 1907.Each following edition of the map key brought certain changes in the number and shape of symbols.The key from 1905 contained 14 symbols for depiction of religious facilities that appear on cadastral maps (Fig. 4), while the 1907 topographic key contains 12 symbols, as follows:

Roman Catholic churches and Eastern
Churches in union with the Roman Catholic Church; 2. Orthodox churches; 3. Evangelical churches; 4. Synagogues; 5. Chapels that could be depicted according to the scale of the map; 6. Chapels that could not be depicted in accordance with the scale of the map because of their reduced size; 7. Roman Catholic cemeteries and cemeteries of Eastern Churches in communion with the Roman Catholic Church; 8. Orthodox cemeteries; 9. Evangelical cemeteries; 10.Jewish cemeteries; 11.Public chapels; 12. Crosses -crucifixes (public symbols used to mark the landscape).

Cartographic depiction of religious facilities on the cadastral plans from the old survey
Religious facilities described in this paper are related to religious communities that existed at the time of the first systematic survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina, carried out by the surveyors of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.Analysis of cartographic symbols for religious facilities was carried out on a sample of several hundred sheets of cadastral maps that depicted different localities throughout the country.Forty-eight (48) representative religious buildings were selected on the maps: -22 Christian buildings (7 Roman Catholic churches, 7 Orthodox churches, 1 Protestant church, 1 Roman Catholic chapel, 4 Roman Catholic cemeteries and 2 Orthodox cemeteries); -20 Islamic buildings (5 mosques, 1 masjid, 2 tekke, 3 tombs, 9 cemeteries), and -6 Jewish buildings (4 synagogues and 2 cemeteries).Cartographic presentation of the aforementioned buildings is described in the paper.Although this sample may not be representative in relation to the total number of maps and religious buildings/ facilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina it provides a good insight into cartographic depiction of sacral buildings.The research was conducted using the original cartographic material:  -radnim izvornicima planova u mjerilima 1:6250, 1:3125 i 1:1562,5 (litografske kopije, jednobojni otisak), izrađenim na temelju podataka prikupljenih grafičkom izmjerom, na kojima je održavana izmjera u katastarskim uredima -arhivskim izvornicima planova grafičke izmjere u boji (mjerilo 1:1562,5) -jednobojnim reprodukcijama planova numeričke izmjere (mjerila 1:1000 i 1:500) -arhivskom izvorniku plana numeričke izmjere u boji (mjerilo 1:500).Za razmatrane kršćanske, islamske i židovske objekte posebno je analiziran tlocrtni, a posebno značenjski dio kartografskog prikaza.

Plans at scale 1:6250
The largest number of cadastral maps created during the old survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina were made at scale 1:6250 because they depicted mountains, forests, agricultural areas, and villages.The maps were created based on a detailed survey using the plane table and graphical method of surveying.These maps are known as "1/16 sheets", which was derived from the system of plans' division into sheets that aimed to adjust the amount of usable sheet area to plane table surveying method (Živković, 1987).The position of buildings on the maps is accurately presented.Their ground plans mostly look alike since certain details of the buildings had to be omitted because of the relatively small scale.
Iznad gučogorske crkve, u njezinoj neposrednoj blizini s istočne strane, prikazana je površina ispunjena s pet jednoličnih znakova u obliku križa, kojom je prikazano katoličko groblje Gorica (Sl.6., lijevo).Na ovom groblju s križevima i stećcima najstariji nadgrobnici potječu iz 15. stoljeća (Mazalić, 1957.).U sklopu groblja je tlocrtno vjerodostojno prikazana grobljanska kapela, (Kujundžić, 1966) near the river Vrbas.Because of its size, the mapping of boundary lines on its layout was significantly simplified on the map.The sheet of the cadastral map depicts the building's layout with an outline of a polygonal apse and the sacristy.Within the contours there is a hand drawn symbol for a church (Fig. 5, right).Although the symbol on the map is rather small (1.5 mm x 0.8 mm), the apple-shaped ends of the cross' horizontal beam can be perceived.To facilitate identification of the facility, the name of the church is written in italics (4.5 mm high characters).The circle with a diameter of 3 mm drawn around the object denotes the building served as a geodetic surveying point.This old Gothic church, one of the few preserved medieval monuments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was incorporated into a new spacious neo-Gothic building during in 1910 and 1911 (Damjanović, 2014).
Figure 6 (right) shows a clip of a cadastral map with a depiction of the Roman Catholic cemetery of Hrast in the town of Jajce.The oldest dates on tombstones date back to 1719.Until the year 1961 the cemetery featured several medieval stećak tombstones (URL 7).Depiction of the cemetery contains six symbols of the cross.Trees and shrubbery on the cemetery are featured using several symbols in the form of deciduous trees with wide spherical treetops, a tree with a spindleshaped crown and a few bushes.

Cartographic representations of Islamic religious facilities
Figure 8 shows parts of two cadastral maps that depict the Municipality of Novi Travnik. Figure 8 (left) features a cartographic depiction of the former mosque in the settlement of Kasapovići near Novi Travnik.The settlement is located to the northwest of Novi Travnik.Maps show that the mosque existed until 1964, when it was demolished and the new one was built.According to the local oral tradition, it was built 400 years ago (Kreševljaković, 1987).The mosque was presented on the map as a wooden building bearing the symbol of a crescent, which defines this object.Since it was small in size, it was not shown in scale but in form of a conventional point symbol.Figure 8 (right) features a part of the cadastral map that depicts a mosque in the settlement of Šenkovići near Novi Travnik.The settlement is situated south of Novi Travnik on a rather upland terrain.There is an old mosque in the village, built long before the surveyors of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy conducted the survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina.It is said to be approximately 450 years old (Kreševljaković, 1987).Based on the building technique, type of construction materials and the quality of its lime plaster, it can be dated back to the late 16 th or the early 17 th century (URL 8).The cadastral map also depicts it as a stone building.Ground plan dimensions of the mosque correspond to its actual dimensions.Its symbol is characterized by a crescent oriented towards the north connected by a line to the base.Its minaret served as a survey marker determined using the graphical method, as indicated by a circle around the building.During the survey of this area, the survey marker of the minaret was used as a landmark.On the cadastral map the mosque is listed as separate cadastral plot.Its neighbouring plot, the Muslim cemetery, was mapped according to label templates -symbols prescribed in the instructions for cadastral survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina.It is interesting to note that there is a discrepancy in the size of the symbols used to depict this cemetery in relation to the symbols denoting the cemetery on the Figure 9 (on the right).Further analysis of cartographic representation of the burial plot shows that it was surrounded by a wooden fence on the southeast (towards the road) and on the southwest side.
turban.Projections of the exterior shapes of the graves are presented east of them.For comparison, the Muslim cemetery of Rostovo Jamia in Novi Travnik was mapped using prescribed symbols (Fig. 9, right).

Cartographic depiction of Jewish religious facilities
Jewish cemetery on the Bojna hill in the southwestern part of Travnik was founded in the mid-18 th century (URL 10).On the cadastral map there is a one graphical symbol in the shape of the Star of David within the cemetery its inner surface filled with black.There are an elongated vertical line and a shadow underneath it (Fig. 10, left).It is unclear why the mapping of this cemetery does not follow the symbols prescribed in the topographic key (Fig. 3), especially since the tombstones at Bojna feature standard half-cylindrical forms.
Unlike Travnik, the Jewish cemetery in Sarajevo is presented using standard symbols (Fig. 10, right).They were drawn by hand across the entire surface of the cemetery plot.The plot's purpose is further emphasized by the inscription Israel Friedhof (Israeli cemetery).This cemetery, located in the part of city called Kovačići, represents the second largest Jewish sepulchral complex in Europe.The year of its foundation is 1630 (Mutapčić, 1992).
The Franciscan monastery in Fojnica consisted of a series of interconnected buildings.On the cadastral map it was accurately represented presenting contour lines of every separate object (Fig. 11, right).The parish church of the Holy Spirit, built in 1866, is positioned in the far south of the complex, extending in the east-west direction (URL 12).The map shows that the building's ground plan had the shape of letter L. It contains a Latin cross with an added "X", which actually, makes a cross with eight spokes -the four longer ones are presented using a 0.3 mm line, while the four shorter ones were drawn using 0.1 mm thick dotted lines.The map depicts only simple ground plans of other buildings belonging the monastery complex.They date to the early 16 th century (URL 12) are connected to the Church on its northwest.Cartographic representation of the monastery complex was completed by addition of the word Kloster (monastery) to the map.
On the elevated area of Srpska Varoš in Gračanica there was a small Orthodox church built towards the end of Ottoman rule (Djedović, 2005).The church was demolished because it had become dilapidated (URL 13).The cadastral map shows only a part of the building's layout contours, because the rest of the building was scraped off during maintenance in the cadastral office (Fig. 13).Layout of the church is accompanied by a symbol of the pomme cross, which, according to the map key, was used to depict wooden chapels.Next to the church there is a cemetery, which was highlighted with four crosses with noticeably shorter horizontal arms in comparison to the symbol of the cross on the map key.

Cartographic depiction of Islamic objects
The Atik Mosque in Fojnica, built in 1551 (URL 14), is presented on a plan sheet by contours of its simple rectangular layout with a circular layout of a minaret and a crescent-shaped symbol (Fig. 14  left).The dimensions of the building's ground plan on the map are 4.5 mm x 2.9 mm (14.1 m x 9.1 m in nature), which is about 8% more than the object's actual size.The area around the mosque is featured by three symbols for a Muslim cemetery, which are somewhat flattened in relation to the symbols determined by the map key.Na kartografskom prikazu središta Jajca ucrtana je zgrada koju je podignuo Hadži Jusuf Mulalić početkom 19.stoljeća i u njoj uspostavio tekiju i musafirhanu (Kukavica, 2010.).Objekt je u potpunosti srušen 1992.(URL 15).Katastarski plan pokazuje da je zgrada imala pravokutnu osnovu.Tlocrtni obris građevine ispunjen je crnom bojom i na njemu se sa sjeverne strane nalazi signatura u obliku alema s polumjesecom (Sl.14., desno), tj.objekt je kartografiran kao džamija od drveta (zidovi tekije na katovima bili su od ćerpiča) (URL 15).

Kartografski prikazi kršćanskih objekata
Crkva sv.Ante podignuta je 1881.u središtu Sarajeva.Crkva je zbog dotrajalosti srušena 1912., The map of Jajce depicts a building erected by Hajji Jusuf Mulalić in the early 19 th century, used as a tekke and a guest house (Kukavica, 2010).The building was completely destroyed in 1992 (URL 15).The cadastral map shows that the building had a rectangular basis.Its ground plan is filled with black and on its north side there is the symbol in the form of a gem with a crescent (Fig. 14, right), i.e. the object is mapped as a mosque made of wood (upper floors of tekke buildings were made of clay) (URL 15).

Plans at scale 1:1562.5
Densely populated urban areas were mapped on maps at scale 1:1562.5.Such plans were characterized by precise representations of objects with all their details, providing reliable data regarding the objects' dimensions.
The Christian military cemetery was established in the area of Koševo in Sarajevo in 1878, for the purpose of interment of Austro-Hungarian soldiers who lost their lives during the conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina (URL 17).The cadastral map depicts the cemetery plot (Fig. 15, right) marked with standard symbols of crosses with shadows and labelled Militär Friedhof (military cemetery).To the east of the cemetery there is a monument and a path leading towards it.The plot is bordered by an alley consisting of green tree symbols with spindle-shaped crowns and shrubbery.Pravoslavna crkva Uspenja presvete Bogorodice podignuta je 1854.u središnjem dijelu grada Travnika (URL 18).Građevina je na katastarskom planu prikazana svojim tlocrtnim obrisom pravokutnog oblika, unutar kojeg je ucrtan podebljani znak latinskog križa (Sl. 16.,lijevo).Sastavni dio kartografskog prikaza objekta je njegov opis, kojim je naglašeno da je riječ o pravoslavnoj (staroistočnoj) crkvi.
The Orthodox Church of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin was built in 1854 in the centre of the town of Travnik (URL 18).The building is represented on the cadastral map by a rectangular layout with a bolded Latin cross within the layout (Fig. 16, left).An integral part of the cartographic representation of the building is its description, which emphasized that it was an (Eastern) Orthodox church.
Layout solution of the Old Orthodox Church in Sarajevo is very interesting.The church was mentioned for the first time in 1539 (Nilević, 2010) and its cartographic depiction on the cadastral map is based on reambulation performed at the beginning of the 20 th century (Fig. 16, in the middle).There are hypotheses that the church was built on foundations of an early medieval building, which are based on its layout concept in which the width of the building exceeds its length.The semantic part of its cartographic depiction is also very interesting, since the symbol within the contours of the building is an iron cross with elongated arms.According to the map key from 1905, this symbol was designed to denote Catholic churches (Fig. 4).Neobični kartografski prikaz crkve sv.Prokopija u Visokom donosi list katastarskog plana čiji je isječak prikazan na Sl 16., desno.Tlocrtna slika na planu pokazuje da je riječ o građevini pravokutne osnove, s jasno istaknutom apsidom polukružnog oblika na istočnoj strani, zvonikom na zapadnoj strani i bočnim pravokutnim proširenjima.Obris tlocrta je, vjerojatno tijekom održavanja katastarskog plana, ispunjen crnom bojom, izuzev prostora oko izradiranog znaka latinskog križa.Vrijeme izgradnje ovoga objekta, smještenog na izlazu iz visočke čaršije, ne može se utvrditi sa sigurnošću.Zna se da je crkva obnovljena 1853.(URL 19).
Figure 16 (right) represents a sheet of the cadastral map with an unusual depiction of the Church of St. Procopius in Visoko.Its ground plan shows that it is a rectangular building, with a clearly marked semi-circular apse on its east side, a bell tower on the west, and rectangular side extensions.The layout is filled with black (most likely during maintenance), apart from the area of a Latin cross.Time of construction of the facility, located on the edge of Visoko town centre, could not be determined with certainty.It is known that the church was reconstructed in 1853 (URL 19).

Cartographic representations of Islamic objects
Figure 17 (left) gives a cartographic representation of Šarena (Suleymaniye) Mosque in Donji Travnik.The mosque was built in 1815 on the foundations of a much older mosque, built in the late 16 th century (URL 20).The ground plan of the mosque reveals that it is a slightly elongated, rectangular-shaped object with an extension to the north-east.The Mosque's dimensions are 22 m x 16 m (Sujoldžić, 2013).An integral part of the building is a stone bezistan (a covered market, t/n), with rows of shops on its outer side that are accurately depicted on the map.Cartographic symbol of a crescent within the Mosque's contours is somewhat thinner and less bent in relation to the symbol from the map key.It is interesting that the mosque's official name is written over it.
The architectural complex of Hajji Sinan Tekke in Sarajevo, built between 1638 and 1640 (Kukavica, 2010), was presented on a sheet of the 1882 cadastral map.Inside the Tekke complex there is a semenhana (a ceremonial hall, t/n) depicted as a red rectangular with a crescent inside it (Fig. 17 right).North of the Tekke the map shows a burial ground adjacent to the Sarač Alija Mosque in Vrbanjuša, which had been was used for burying the people from the surrounding streets since the 15 th century (URL 21).The cemetery was mapped using the prescribed symbols.The tomb of Hajji Sinan-aga, built in the mid-16 th century, is depicted in the cemetery's south section, near the Tekke building (URL 21).The symbol for the tomb is slightly different from the sign prescribed in the map key from 1880.The vertical line that ends with a crescent is not drawn starting from the basis of the tomb but from its centre, along with its shadow.Although the tomb was built of stone (URL 21), its rectangular layout on the plan was not filled by the set colour.Jakub-pašin mesdžid u Sarajevu izgrađen je 1491., a uz njega je bilo i manje groblje.Porušen je 1936., a groblje ekshumirano (Koštović, 1998.).Kartografska predodžba ovoga mesdžida na katastarskom planu dana je na Sl. 18., lijevo.Vidi se da je objekt imao jednostavnu pravokutnu tlocrtnu osnovu (čija je površina prikazana crvenom bojom), a groblje se nalazilo s njegove južne strane.Turbe Abdulah-paše Muhsinovića i Hafiza Ali Dželaludin-paše izgrađeno 1748.i turbe koje pripada Perišan Mustafa-paši podignuto 1799., oba smještena u Gornjoj travničkoj čaršiji (URL 22), prikazana su obrisima svojih tlocrta na katastarskom planu (Sl.18., desno).Starije turbe ima kvadratičnu, a novije šestokutnu osnovu, iznad kojih je ucrtan znak položenog polumjeseca.Prostor sjeverno od turbeta u kojima su pokopana trojica bosanskih vezira, na planu je kartografiran kao muslimansko groblje.U tu svrhu su upotrijebljene signature s nešto manjim i blaže povijenim polumjesecima u odnosu na znak predviđen topografskim ključem.Jakub Pasha's Masjid in Sarajevo was built in 1491.There was also a small cemetery next to it.It was destroyed in 1936 and the remains from the were exhumed (Koštović, 1998).The cartographic representation of this masjid is on the cadastral map is given in Figure 18 (left).It can be seen that the object had a simple rectangular base (its surface is shown in red), and the cemetery was located south of it.
The cadastral map depicts contour layout of two tombs (turbe) located in Gornji Travnik (Fig. 18, right).The tomb of Abdulah Pasha Muhsinović and Hafiz Ali Dželaludin -Pasha was built in 1748, while the tomb of Perišan Mustafa Pasha was built in 1799 (URL 22).The older tomb has a square basis, while the more recent one has a hexagonal basis.There is a symbol of a crescent above each of them.The area north of the tomb of three Bosnian viziers is mapped as a Muslim cemetery.Symbols used for this purpose are smaller and softlycurved crescents when compared with the symbols proposed in the map key.

Cartographic representations of Jewish objects
Depiction of the Il Kal Santo synagogue, which was situated in the centre of Travnik for 240 years, can be seen in Figure 19 (left).The object was built in 1768 (URL 23), and demolished in 2008 (URL 24).The map depicts it as a building with a simple rectangular base.The corresponding symbol is entered in the upper left corner of the layout and the object is appropriately labelled (Sinagoge).
The oldest Bosnian-Herzegovinian synagogue (Stari hram -eng.The Old Temple, t/n), was built in the old town nucleus of Sarajevo in 1581 (URL 25).The cadastral map shows the ground plan of the object, extending in the north-south direction, which can be divided into two parts.The lower part is rectangular in shape with a rectangular semi-dome south of it.The upper part has the form of a laid letter "U" with its northern part filled with black and the southern part filled with red colour.The entrance to the synagogue is located in the axis of the indented portion of the east facade (Fig. 19, right).In the immediate vicinity of the old Synagogue, on its southwestern side, there is a depiction of the New Jewish Temple built in 1870 (URL 23).The dimensions of this object's basis (without the semi-dome and the compartment on the north side of the synagogue) are 8.9 mm x 7.6 mm on the plan (13.9 m x 11.9 m in nature), which

Kartografski prikazi kršćanskih vjerskih objekata
Jedan od najreprezentativnijih objekata koji su u Sarajevu podignuti pod austrougarskom vlašću je rimokatolička katedrala Srca Isusova.S aktivnostima na izgradnji katedrale u najužoj is 3% less than the actual size of the building.Inside the red contour lines of both synagogues there are symbols of the Star of David, drawn by hand in accordance with the map key from 1880.

Plans at scales 1:1000 and 1:500
Plans at scales 1:1000 and 1:500 are the result of numerical surveys of the interior, densely built parts of major towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina.The survey was organized and conducted in the period from the beginning of the 20 th century until the outbreak of World War I.The new plans, which resulted from orthogonal terrain survey against a polygonal and line network, were much more accurate than the plans of the first cadastral survey carried out using graphical method.They precisely registered architectural adjustments of the cities to the western style, which occurred during the Austro-Hungarian administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The construction of the cathedral situated in the very heart of the town began shortly after the end of the Ottoman rule and the building was finally completed in 1889 (Damjanović, 2014).The cathedral was surveyed in 1904, which served as the basis of the map at scale 1:1000 (Fig. 20, left).The contours of the ground plan depict the crossshaped building, which was achieved by increasing the buildings width on each side by adding compartments to the side rooms, while the north end of the building is five-sided.On the building's south side there is a grand staircase entrance to the cathedral.Symbols of the Latin cross drawn symmetrically in the basis of the object are 24 mm x 11 mm.It is different from symbol prescribed by the map key.The arms of the cross are 0.8 mm wide and were plotted using a 0.1 mm line.Within the arms there is a symmetrically drawn cross that consists of two 0.5 mm thick lines (strips).The sign is supplemented with four circular symbols with 0.5 mm diameters, proportionally placed in the fields between the arms of the cross.Dimenzije osnove građevine na planu iznose 7,6 mm x 16,7 mm (7,6 m x 16,7 m u prirodi), što se u granicama grafičke točnosti podudara sa stvarnim dimenzijama objekta.Unutar tlocrtnog obrisa nalazi se jabučasti križ čiji su krakovi iscrtani crtama debljine 0,3 mm.Na njega je nadodan znak "X" sa simetrično raspoređenih osam točaka.
Congregational Church, built in the centre of Sarajevo in 1868, is one of the largest Orthodox churches in the Balkans (URL 27).On the cadastral map it is depicted as a rectangular building with east -west orientation (Fig. 21, left).On the east side of the building there is a semi-circular apse.To the left and right of the apsis there are two small semi-circular spaces.On the longitudinal sides of the church, in front of the northern and the southern portals, there are two rectangular extensions.These parts of the building have not been preserved until the present.On the west side there is a rectangular bell tower, labelled as a trigonometric point.The symbol used to depict the trigonometric point is the standard symbol of an equilateral triangle with an inscribed circle towered by a descriptive pomme cross.Within the contour of the church there is a symbol of a cross is identical to the one used to depict the Cathedral in Sarajevo.The Evangelical church in Sarajevo, built in 1899 on the bank of the Miljacka River (URL 28), was surveyed two years after its completion.The cadastral map shows the building's unusual layout in the shape of the letter "H" with eastwest orientation and parallel to the river bed (Fig. 21, right).The building consists of a rectangular nucleus and four rectangular lateral wings.On the north side of the church there is a richly decorated entrance facade with columns.The northeast wing is connected to the parish house, which is not depicted by a topographic symbol.However, there is a Latin cross drawn in the church layout, following the direction of the transverse axis.The arms of the cross were plotted using 0.5 mm lines.In the areas between the arms of the cross there are four symmetrically arranged circles of 0.5 mm diameter.

Kartografski prikazi židovskih vjerskih objekata
Godine 1902.završena je izgradnja i izvršeno je posvećenje prvoga židovskog aškenaskog hrama u Sarajevu, koji je podignut u središnjoj gradskoj zoni, neposredno uz lijevu obalu Miljacke (URL 31).Katastarski plan, izrađen na temelju podataka snimanja obavljenog 1903.godine, pokazuje tlocrtni oblik građevine s poligonalnom konhom na istočnoj strani i proširenjima na sva četiri kuta sinagoge, koja predstavljaju njezine tornjeve (Sl.23.).U zapadnom dijelu tlocrtne slike građevine nalazi se signatura u obliku Davidove zvijezde.century earlier by Isa Bey-Ishaković, the founder of Sarajevo (Zlatar, 1996).The mosque was surveyed in 1903 and presented on a cadastral map.The map depicts the layout of the object that consists of a central cube, two side rooms and the entrance porch on the north side of the mosque (Fig. 22, left).The minaret is marked as a trigonometric point, but it is not accentuated as a survey marker.The symbol inside the ground plan is a bent crescent of a 4.5 mm diameter, an original solution by the plan's author.The map key for numerical survey plans did not contain symbols for Islamic religious buildings.The symbol for a Muslim cemetery, presented on the western side of the mosque resembles the sign proposed in the map key published in 1880.This cemetery was constructed in the second half of the 15 th century (URL 29).
Since the reproduced sheets of the 1:500 scale, cadastral maps omitted cartographic symbols for buildings.An example of an original cartographic depiction of a Muslim cemetery in this scale is used for the purposes of this paper Figure 22 (right) features a part of the aforementioned map that depicts the Muslim cemetery of the Kovači settlement in Sarajevo.This cemetery can be dated back to the 15 th century, i.e. to the first years of the Ottoman rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina (URL 30).The cemetery extended over several parcels intersected by footpaths.Figure 22 (right) depicts two of the parcels.Each parcel contains one symbol, which is very similar to the one inside the cemetery near the Emperor's Mosque.

Cartographic representations of Jewish religious buildings
The first Jewish Ashkenazi temple in Sarajevo was completed and lustrated in 1902.It was erected in the town centre, on the left bank of Miljacka River (URL 31).The cadastral map based on the survey of 1903 shows the ground plan of the building featuring a polygonal semi-dome in the east and extensions that represent its towers on all four corners of the synagogue (Fig. 23).In the western portion of the building's ground plan there is a symbol of the Star of David.

Conclusion
Selecting and designing symbols for a map key is an important and challenging process in which great attention must be paid to harmonious depiction of objects on cadastral maps.In the course of creating the collection of cartographic symbols for maps of the old survey in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the long cartographic tradition of the Military Geographical Institute in Vienna really came to the fore.Austrian surveyors had a great experience, gained during the establishment of the first stable cadastre on the entire territory of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.Therefore, the map key for cadastral maps created in 1880 qualitatively and quantitatively surpasses the keys from 1820 or 1865 in presenting symbols for religious facilities.The use of a larger number of symbols allowed a omogućeno je pravilnije i potpunije prikazivanje terena, čime je poboljšan sadržaj plana.Kasniji austrougarski kartografski ključevi, na temelju kojih su izrađivani novi katastarski planovi bosanskohercegovačkog prostora, donekle su mijenjani, pa postoje određene razlike u broju znakova i njihovu izgledu.Kartografski znakovi primjenjivani za prikaz sakralnih objekata uglavnom su ostali isti ili vrlo slični starijim inačicama.
Kao dopunsko sredstvo za izražavanje kod prikazivanja sakralnih objekata na planu korištene su odgovarajuće boje.Površinske signature za more precise and complete representation of the terrain, which, as a consequence, improved the overall content of maps.More recent Austro-Hungarian map keys, which served as bases for new cadastral maps of Bosnia and Herzegovina, underwent certain changes, which caused certain discrepancies in the number of symbols and their appearance.Symbols for religious facilities mostly remained unchanged or very similar to their previous versions.
Results of the analysis of religious facilities symbols, which were used to provide semantic characteristics of their cartographic representation on maps, show that the choice of graphic symbols corresponded with the needs of the map user.The connection between the geometric shape of the symbol and its meaning is well-balanced, since the symbols used in the depictions were typical for religions that are present in our region.From that aspect, these cartographic signs can be evaluated as legible, clear and understandable.Different buildings used for religious ceremonies within one religion were depicted using the same religious symbols.The representation of Christian objects was not divided according to the confessions in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism).As for the Islamic buildings on the maps, it is not possible to make a distinction between mosques, masjids and tekke.This research determined that the authors most often complied with the provisions of the map keys when mapping religious facilities.All the maps included in the research contain symbols depicted in the same or a very similar manner.However, in some cases there were discrepancies in following the rules of cartographic symbols' usage.For example, the buildings made of solid material were occasionally depicted as wooden, smaller churches were marked with a symbol that denoted chapels, the symbol for the church on the numerical survey maps does not comply with the map key, etc.When creating the maps their authors very often used their own original solutions, usually with the aim of amending the existing collection of cartographical symbols.An example that confirms this is the mapping of Islamic religious facilities on the numerical survey maps.Some authors chose to add a name and textual description to the cartographic depiction of religious buildings.Those features significantly contributed to amount of information a map could offer.
for religious buildings could be rated as very clear in terms of readability, clarity and rationality.
Maps of the old cadastral survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina clearly show how increasing the scale can result in better-quality representation of individual buildings and improved readability of symbols.The maps of the largest scale, which were created on the basis of a numerical survey conducted by the orthogonal method, resulted in accurate layouts of religious buildings and high accuracy of data obtained in the survey.Maps that resulted from the graphical survey were much less accurate, which resulted in lower quality the presented objects' layout contours.Reduction of scale was not convenient for cartographic representation of religious facilities, due to inevitable simplification of ground maps caused by cartographic generalization.This is particularly noticeable on maps at scale 1:6250.
Cadastral maps of the first systematic survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina were the first reliable large-scale cartographic documents that represented all religious buildings in the country.It is particularly important that these maps are a source of specific information regarding spatial distribution and appearance of religious buildings in the late 19 th and the early 20 th century (many of the objects do not exist anymore or have undergone significant changes), which makes them very valuable testimonies of the rich architectural heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Appreciation
The authors would like to thank all those who selflessly provided valuable information that made this research possible.This primarily refers to our colleagues from cadastral offices of the municipalities of Stari Grad Sarajevo, Centar Sarajevo, Ilijaš, Visoko, Goražde, Gračanica, Travnik, Novi Travnik, Fojnica, and Jajce, the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Planning Institute of Sarajevo Canton.A significant help in conducting the research also came from professors Dušan Kogoj, PhD, and Miran Ferlan, PhD, from the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering at the University of Ljubljana.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Cartographic representations of Jewish religious facilities on cadastral maps, according to the 1955 topographic key Source: Topografski ključ…, 1955

Figure 3
Figure 3 Symbols for religious facilities provided in the topographic map key from 1880 Source: Instruktion für die Katastral-Vermessung in Bosnien und der Herzegovina, K.u.K. Militärgeographisches Institut, Wien, 1880

Figure 11
Figure 11 (left) depicts the Catholic church in the parish of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the village of Dolac near Travnik, which was built in 1854 (URL 11).As depicted on the layout, the object is rectangular with a semicircular apse in the south and two square towers in the north.Originally, the symbol of the cross was drawn symmetrically within the contours of the object.It was additionally enhanced later on by thickening and lengthening its lines, which was done as part of the maintenance of the plan sheet in the cadastral office.

Figure 20 (
Figure 20 (right) features a cartographic depiction of the Catholic Church of St. Vincent de Paul in Sarajevo, which was built in 1883 (URL 26)