OSMANSKA KARTOGRAFIJA DALMATINSKOG ZALEĐA S POČETKA KANDIJSKOG RATA: KARTA BOSANSKOG EJALETA S OKOLINOM U KOZMOGRAFIJI KATIBA ČELEBIJA IZ 1648. GODINE OTTOMAN CARTOGRAPHY OF THE DALMATIAN HINTERLAND FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE CANDIAN WAR: MAP OF THE BOSNIAN EYALET WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS IN THE COSMOGRAPHY OF KATIB ÇELEBI FROM 1648

U radu je predstavljena osmanska karta na kojoj je u jednom dijelu detaljnije prikazan prostor, odnosno dijelovi prostora ranonovovjekovne Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine. Autor karte je Hadži Halifa ili Katib Čelebi, osmanski povjesničar i bibliograf iz sredine 17. stoljeća. Karta se nalazi u autografu prve verzije njegova djela Kozmografija (Cihânnümâ) iz 1648. godine, koji se čuva u Austrijskoj nacionalnoj knjižnici u Beču. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi kako je navedeni osmanski kartograf promatrao Bosanski ejalet s okolinom, koji je mogući povod nastanka navedene karte i koji su izvori informacija koje se na njoj nalaze. Budući da je karta nastala u vrijeme Kandijskog rata, najvjerojatnije nakon pada Klisa u mletačke ruke 1648. godine, vjerojatno je da je kartu izradio autor osobno radi vizualizacije navedenoga osmanskog pograničja u dalmatinskom zaleđu i objašnjenja njegove važnosti u osmanskoj središnjici. Solidna preciznost u pozicioniranju i navođenju lokalnih toponima, smjer pružanja putnih komunikacija kao i sadržaj marginalnih bilješki na karti upućuju na to da se autor vjerojatno savjetovao s nekim poznavateljem lokalnih prilika. Ključne riječi: Hadži Halifa (Katib Čelebi), kartografija, Bosanski ejalet, 17. stoljeće


INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF PREVIOUS HISTORIOGRAPHY
Cartographic representations of the area of early modern Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia of Ottoman origin are very rare. Several maps of the area are found in the works of 17th-century Ottoman historian and bibliographer Katib Çelebi. Katib Çelebi or Haji Khalifa (Mustafa bin Abdullah) is an Ottoman historian and bibliographer (Istanbul, 1609(Istanbul, -1657. He wrote more than a hundred works in the fields of history, geography, mathematics, astronomy, cartography, and so on. In his work Cosmography (Cihânnümâ), he also used European cartographic sources and provided data on Balkan Peninsula (Hagen, 2003;Öztürk, 2013). According to Katib Çelebi himself, he began to study cartography and map making after the outbreak of the Candian War in 1645, using experiences from the West. In order to obtain resources to describe the European part of the Ottoman state for the work Cosmography, he previously wrote a work entitled Levâmi'u'n-nûr fi zulmet-i Atlas Minor (Hagen, 2003). This work of his is an interpreted and critical translation of the Atlas Minor (Mercator -Hondius) printed in 1621 (Karamustafa, 1992, 218;Brentjes, 2005, 126;Üstüner, Arslantürk 2017). In the translation of Mercator's Atlas Minor completed in December 1654, he was reportedly assisted by a French convert to Islam (Hagen, 1998, 101, 115). A phototype edition of Levâmi'u'n-nûr (Üstüner, Arslantürk, 2017) has been recently published while the original is kept in the Nuruosmaniye Library in Istanbul (URL 1). This work also includes a map entitled Slavonia, Croatia, Bosnia and Dalmatia (Isḳlâvonya, Ḳorvâsiya, Bosniya, Dâlmâsya), but it is not the original work of the author but a translation of the Mercator map of the same name. Another map of the mentioned area can be found in a copy of Cosmography printed in 1732 (Öztürk, 2013, 176-177;Korić, 2020, 24-27).
According to Hagen, the Viennese version is a fine copy of the unfinished first version of Cosmography, with an introduction and numerous additions at the margins (Hagen, 2012, 286). Although some cartographic representations of the countries of the Western Balkans at that time were 26/2 (2021) [125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142] made by Katib Çelebi, previously known in historiography, as far as we know, until recently were not the subject of more detailed analysis (Korić, 2020, 24-40). The map from this version of Cosmography is also brought by A. Üstüner in one of his works from 2018, but he incorrectly states it as a map of Belgrade (Üstüner, 2018). Historiography has long known a narrative geographical description of Balkan Peninsula from the pen of this Ottoman cartographer from the middle of the 17th century (Hammer, 1812;Novaković, 1892). After reading the aforementioned Hammer's translation, F. Rački pointed out the importance of Cosmography for the geographical history of the regions of Southeast Europe and compared the data it offers with data from a spy description created after 1624 (Rački, 1882). F. Taeschner found that Hammer used the narrative description from this very manuscript of Cosmography as the basis for his translation (Taeschner, 1926).

DESCRIPTION OF THE MAP
In this paper, a map created in the first years of the Candian War will be presented, which deals in more detail with the area of the Bosnian eyalet and its surroundings. It has been found in the autograph of the first version of the work Cosmography from 1648, kept in the Aust r ian National Library in Vienna (URL 2). This map is unique because it is not found in other copies of Cosmography. In this copy, in addition to the above map, there is only a sketch of the Ka'ba in Mecca and its surroundings on page 173* and a map of the Krasnodar region and the Kuban river basin on page 208v. Names of toponyms and notes on the map are written in Arabic script in the Ottoman Turkish language. The map was subsequently inserted into the manuscript between page ۹۸ (subsequent numbering 90 and 90v), which contains a narrative description of the 'sanjak Herzegovina belonging to Bosnia,' and page ۹۹ (subseque n t numbering 91 and 91v), where the description of the country of Bosnia begins (Memleket-i Bosna). The map is numbered 90*, and its back 90*c. As for the map in this work, it can be assumed to be an original, perhaps hand-drawn cartographic w o rk of Katib nam je poznato, donedavno nisu bili predmetom detaljnije analize (Korić, 2020., 24-40). Kartu iz ove verzije Kozmografije donosi i A. Üstüner u jednom svojem radu iz 2018. godine, ali je netočno navodi kao kartu Beograda (Üstüner, 2018.). U historiografiji je otprije poznat narativni geografski opis balkanskog poluotoka ovo g a osmanskog kartografa iz sredine 17. stoljeća (Hammer, 1812.;Novaković, 1892.). Još je Franjo Rački nakon čitanja spomenutog Hammerova prijevoda upozorio na važnost Kozmografije za geografsku povijest krajeva jugoistočne Europe te usporedio podatke koje nudi s podacima iz jednog špijunskog opisa nastalog nakon 1624. godine (Rački, 1882.). F. Taeschner ustanovio je da je Hammer kao osnovu za svoj prijevod upotrijebio narativni opis upravo iz ovoga rukopisa Kozmografije (Taeschner, 1926.).

OPIS KARTE
U ovom radu predstavljena je karta nastala u prvim godinama Kandijskog rata, koja pobliže tretira prostor Bosanskog ejaleta s okolinom. Sačuvana je u autografu prve inačice djela Kozmografija iz 1648. godine koji se nalazi u Austrijskoj nacionalnoj knjižnici u Beču (URL 2). Ova je karta jedinstvena jer je nema u ostalim primjercima Kozmografije. Uz to, u ovom se rukopisu osim navedene karte nalazi još samo skica Ka'be u Mekki s okolinom na stranici 173* te karta Krasnodarskog kraja i porječja rijeke Kuban na stranici 208v. Nazivi toponima i bilješke na karti napisani su arapskim pismom na osmanskom turskom jeziku. Karta je naknadno ubačena u rukopis i to između stranice ۹۸ (naknadna numeracija 90 i 90v), na kojoj se nalazi narativni opis 'sandžaka Hercegovina koji pripada Bosni' i stranice ۹۹(naknadna numeracija 91 i 91v) gdje počinje narativni opis zemlje Bosne (Memleket-i Bosna). Karta je numerirana brojem 90*, a njezna poleđina 90*v. Za kartu se pretpostavlja da predstavlja izvorni, rukom iscrtani kartografski uradak samog Katiba Čelebija. Osim gradova i rijeka Bosanskog ejaleta s okolinom, na njoj su predstavljeni i neki gradovi ejaleta Budim i Kanjiža (Nagykanizsa) te neki zapadniji ugarski gradovi. Važniji i veći gradovi odnosno centri ejaleta poput Kanjiže i Budima, te Banje Luke u Çelebi himself. In addition to the cities and rivers of the Bosnian eyalet with its surroundings, the map also shows some towns of the eyalet of Buda and Kanizsa and some western Hungarian cities. Significant and larger cities or centres of eyalet such as Nagykanizsa and Buda, and Banja Luka in the Bosnian eyalet, are marked with the symbol of the fortified city -the fortress. Other cities are marked with larger and smaller red dots. In addition, on the map itself, as well as in the manuscript, there are inscribed marginal notes of various content. In some places, the text has been crossed out and rewritten, which confirms that this is a draft of the manuscript that was used by Katib Çelebi to provide explanations and notes during the work on the book. And in the manuscript itself, this draft is marked as a concept or sketch -müsvedde (URL 2). On the back of the map there are a few more notes which we will look at later in the text.
In the upper part of the analysed map, north of the River Drava, the cities of ejalet Buda and Kanizsa are presented, as well as some other Hungarian cities that will not be mentioned on this occasion because they go beyond the scope of this paper. Between the rivers Sava and Drava there is an area marked as the province of Slavonia, where a note is written: 'The inhabitants of province of Slavonia are called central Hungarians. Half of them are under their control (?) '-Vilâyet İṣlavîn ḫalḳına orta Mâcar derler. Niṣfi ona tâbi'dir (?). 1 The division of this area into Ottoman sanjaks was not recorded, but only a few localities were mentioned: Požega (Pojega), Cernik (Çernîḳ), Orahovica (Râḥovtsa yaylağı), Osijek (Osek), along which a bridge was drawn, and Nijemci (Nemçe). Somewhat further east, Belgrade (Belgrâd) was also recorded.
U gornjem dijelu analizirane karte, sjeverno od rijeke Drave, predstavljeni su gradovi ejaleta Budim i Kanjiža i još neki ugarski gradovi koji se ovom prigodom neće navoditi jer izlaze iz okvira ovoga rada. Između was recorded. From Sarajevo to the south there is a road to Mostar (Mostâr), along which the River Rama (nehr-i Râma) and the town of Prozor (Prûzûr) are shown to the west, and the River Neretva also (nehr-i Neretva). To the south of the sea the following towns are positioned: Ljubuški (Lûbûşḳa), Gabela (Gabela), Norin (Norîn), Makarska (Maḳârsḳâ) and nahija Fragustin (nâḥiye Frâgustîn). The text in the area where the toponyms between Fragustin and Livno (Hlevne) are shown is not legible and on this occasion it was not possible to identify the toponyms listed there or their location. The map shows several road communications in that area, which start from Livno as a hub. One route starts from Livno to Klis (Klîs) to the ports on the coast where Split (İsplit) and Šibenik (Şibenik) are recorded. The second recorded road communication from Livno to the south is towards Vr(h)lika (Vrhliḳa), via Drniš (Drnîş) to Skradin (Isḳrâdîn). The third line leads through Kupres (Kûprez), Prusac-Akhisar (Aḳḥiṣâr), Travnik, Jajce, Trijebovo (Trebova) to Banja Luka. The fourth road communication seems to have taken place on the stretch from Livno via Glamoč (Glâmûç), Pecka (Peksḳâ) and across the River Vrbas (nehr-i Virbâs), Zmijanje (Uzmiyân) to Banja Luka. The map also records the River Pliva (nehr-i Pleve) and the fortress Jezero (Gölḥiṣâr) on it. South of Una and Vrbas, Hrastovica was recorded? (yaylaḳ Hrsovtsa) and the area of Podrašnica, which belongs to the Jezero (Podrâftniçe nâhiye, tâbi 'Gölḥiṣâr) as well as some other toponyms whose names could not be read properly.
Apart from its rich toponymy, the map also attracts attention with the following notes related to the Dalmatian hinterland: 'There is the great mountain Plješevica behind Livno' (Hlevne ardında Plevâşiçe azîm ṭâğdır) The

çıḳar).
There are also a few more notes on the map that we were unable to read on this occasion.

POSSIBLE REASONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CREATION OF THE MAP
Since this version of Cosmography dates from 1648, it means that it was probably created after the Venetian conquest of Klis during the Candian War (1645-1699). In the mentioned period, the Dalmatian hinterland, especially the area of the sanjaks of Klis, Krka-Lika and Herzegovinia wa s a significant Ottoman-Venetian battlefield. Therefore, this map could have been created with th e aim of better positioning the mentioned area and understanding the significance of its geostrategic position in the regional and wider framework. In addition, the visualization of the area and its presentation on a cartographic work with textual notes may have sought to develop an awareness of its importance at the very top of the Ottoman state, which seems to have been lacking at the time and the loss of fortress of Klis was minimized. Namely, according to the Ottoman court chronicler Mustafa Naima, Grand Vizier Hezar Pare Ahmed Pasha, who received an exhaustive report from Dalmatia, presented to the Sultan the case of the loss of Klis fortress in 1648 as the loss of 'one insignifi cant church and two palankas' (Buzov, 2003, 231). It was because in Turkish the name Klis is reminiscent of the word church (Tur. kilise). Naima probably took the description of this event from the Chronicle of Mehmed Khalifa Bosniak, who, as a courtier and direct eyewitness of this event at court, wrote the following in horror: "The Bosniak people sent a man to report that the enemy destroyed and occupied more than thirty fortresses and palankas in the Bosnian province in the area of Klis. But the people who came were not given importance, and the event was falsely presented. They presented the matter to the Sultan as follows: 'There was a small church in Bosnia. It was taken over by an infidel. It had belonged to infidels before. It doesn't matter. After this they will take nothing more" (Bošnjak, 2002, 38). je ova karta nastala radi boljeg pozicioniranja spomenutog prostora i razumijevanja važnosti njegova geostrateškog položaja u regionalnim, ali i širim okvirima. Osim toga, vizualizacijom toga prostora i njegovom prezentacijom na kartografskom uratku uz tekstualne napomene, možda se nastojalo razviti svijest o njegovu značaju i u samom vrhu Osmanske države, čega je, izgleda, u danom trenutku nedostajalo jer je gubitak strateški i simbolički značajnog Klisa bio minimiziran. Naime, prema osmanskom dvorskom kroničaru Mustafi Naimi, veliki vezir Hezar Pare Ahmed-paša, koji je primio iscrpan izvještaj iz Dalmacije, sultanu je prikazao slučaj gubitka tvrđave Klis 1648. godine kao gubitak 'jedne nebitne crkve i dviju palanki' (Buzov, 2003.;231). Na turskom jeziku, naime, naziv Klis podsjeća na riječ crkva (tur. kilise). Naima je vjerojatno opis ovoga događaja preuzeo iz Ljetopisa Mehmed Halife Bošnjaka, koji je, kao dvorjanik i neposredni svjedok toga događaja na dvoru, užasnut zapisao sljedeće: "Čak je bošnjački narod poslao čovjeka da izvijesti o stanju kako je u bosanskom vilajetu više od trideset tvrđava i palanki neprijatelj porušio i zauzeo ejalet Klis. Ali ljudima koji su došli nije pridavan značaj, a događaj je lažno predstavljen. Padišahu su ovako izložili stvar: 'U Bosni je postojala jedna mala crkva. Nju je zauzeo nevjernik. I prije je pripadala nevjerniku. Nema nikakva značaja. Poslije ovoga neće više ništa uzimati'" (Bošnjak, 2002., 38).
Ostale važne gradove dalmatinskog zaleđa koji su se nalazili u Hercegovačkom sandžaku u okvirima Bosanskog ejaleta poput Blagaja, Počitelja, (Herceg) Novog i drugih, a koji se navode u narativnom opisu, na ovoj karti autor nije ubilježio. Kako je već napomenuto, za pisanje svojih knjiga iz područja geografije i kartografije, Katib Čelebi se služio kartografskom i drugom građom europskih autora, a najviše svojega primarnog izvora Mercatorova Atlas Minora. Stoga je mogao steći solidnu predstavu o spomenutom prostoru, važnijim gradovima, većim rijekama i putnim komunikacijama u regiji. Nije poznato da je u osmanskoj Bosni i regiji boravio, ali, s obzirom na vrlo dobar prikaz prostora i solidnu preciznost u bilježenju naziva, moguće je da se pri narativnom opisu i izradi karte ipak savjetovao s nekim dobrim poznavateljem lokalne toponimije. Naime, na karti su ubilježeni Other important towns in the Dalmatian hinterland that were located in the sanjak of Herzegovina within the Bosnian eyalet, such as Blagaj, Počitelj, (Herceg) Novi and others, and which are listed in the narrative description were not recorded on this map. As mentioned earlier, for writing his books in geography and cartography, Katib Çelebi used cartographic and other material by European authors, and mostly his primary source, Mercator's Atlas Minor. Therefore, he was able to gain a solid idea of the mentioned area, more important cities, larger rivers and road communications in the region. It is not known whether he lived in Ottoman Bosnia and the region, but, given the very good representation of the area and solid precision in recording the names, it is very likely that he consulted a good expert of local toponymy when narrating and making a map. Namely, the current names of toponyms and hydronims were recorded on the map almost completely phonetically correctly. The same is the case with the other notes and notes on the map. However, Katib Çelebi in principle lacked more reliable primary cartographic material which led to certain shortcomings in the sketches of some of his maps in which he tried to present the regions around the rivers, but without adequate proportions, orientation and flow of those rivers. Such examples include maps of Serbia and Bosnia in the Vienna Manuscript (Hagen, 2012, 288).
It can be argued that he did not use the cartographic works of European cartographers of that time to make this map. As for the other writings that could have served as a source of data entered in the map, in historiography there is a description of the Bosnian eyalet from the third decade of the 17th century, in Italian, which contains a lot of information about its military and administrative organization (Rački, 1882). As it also contains data from the official Ottoman census of the Bosnian Sanjak from 1620, made during the reign of Ibrahim Pasha Memibegović, as an official source that was available only to a small circle of people from the Ottoman administration, it can be concluded that the description was made by Venetian spy network, that had its people among the very top of the Ottoman administration in Bosnia and in Sarajevo itself (Traljić, 1959, 418;Zahirović, 2005, 189). It is believed that the Venetian spy network made the mentioned report on the de-tada aktualni nazivi toponima i hidronima gotovo potpuno fonetski ispravno. Isti je slučaj i s ostalim bilješkama i napomenama na karti. Međutim, Katib Čelebiju je nedostajalo više pouzdanoga primarnoga kartografskog materijala što je dovelo do određenih nedostataka na skicama nekih njegovih karti na kojima je pokušao predstaviti regije oko rijeka, ali bez adekvatnih proporcija, orijentacije i toka tih rijeka. Među takvim primjerima navode se i karte Srbije i Bosne u bečkom rukopisu (Hagen, 2012., 288).

Yâyçe
Jajce, grad i središte istoimene općine u Srednjobosanskom kantonu u Bosni i Hercegovini./ Jajce, the town and seat of the municipality of the same name in the Central Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Bâna Lûḳa
Banja Luka, grad u zapadnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine smješten na rijeci Vrbas./ Banja Luka, a city in the western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located on the River Vrbas.

Gölḥiṣâr
Jezero, naselje i središte istoimene općine u zapadnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine na Plivskom jezeru./ Jezero, a settlement and center of the municipality of the same name in the western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on Lake Pliva.  (Çelebi, 2016, 1031). In his History of Bosnia, Muvekkit mentions 'the pasha of Herzegovina, Musli Beg Haji Memić, who was previously the defterdar of Bosnia, known for his clever politics and courage. He settled the situation in Herzegovina. Through his beautiful deeds, he brought the Arnaut outlaws into obedience, and peace was created in those parts' (Muvekkit, 1999, 344). If it is the same person, the Bosnian defterdar Musli Agha, later Musli Beg, can be considered a contemporary of the map, but for now no more information is known about him or his relation to Katib Çelebi and the origin of the map.

CONCLUSION
Cartographic representations of the area of early modern Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia of Ottoman origin are extremely rare. Several maps of the area are found in the works of 17th-century Ottoman historian and bibliographer Katib Çelebi. This paper analyzes a map that presents a wider area of the Bosnian eyalet, which is in the autograph of the book Cosmography of Katib Çelebi, created in the first years of the Candian War in 1648. In the creation of the map, the author most probably used the cartographic works of authors from the countries of early modern Europe, as well as the data of experts familiar with local conditions, language and toponymy. The map shows the rich local toponymy of the Dalmatian hinterland, recorded larger and more significant cities, individual rivers and mountains, delineated road communications. In addition, there are some other notes on the map related to the mentioned area of geostrategic importance. Since the map it is in the autograph of the work Cosmography from 1648, it was probably made in the period after the fall of the Klis fortress into Venetian hands. It is possible that it was created with the aim of visualizing the mentioned Ottoman borderland, whose significance i n the Ottoman center at that time, it seems, was marginalized. These facts classify the analyzed map as a rare and significant source for studying the history of the region in the 17th century.