Spatial analysis of the significance and role of the fort Imperial during the defence of Dubrovnik in the 1991 Croatian Homeland War

Abstract

In addition to the defensive ring around the old town of Dubrovnik, fortifications like fortresses and walls were erected between the 14th and 19th centuries in strategically vital locations of the then-Republic of Ragusa. We conducted a military geography analysis of battleground around Dubrovnik during the Croatian Homeland War. OAKOC procedure and GIS tolls were used to reconstruct the impact of terrain and employed military tactics during the military operations of 1991. The military-geographical elements were examined to ascertain the significance and role of the Imperial Fortress in the successful defence of Dubrovnik, as well as the failure of the attackers to execute their plans. The analysis uncovered several critical factors for the successful defence. Firstly, there was only one access route for attackers to reach the Imperial Fortress, greatly favouring the defence. Secondly, the fortress's placement facilitated excellent surveillance of both friendly and hostile forces. Thirdly, logistical support relied on a single footpath leading directly to the heart of Dubrovnik, concealed from the attackers' view, ensuring that defenders were never without supplies. Holding the Srđ hill with the Imperial fortress in the hands of the defenders proved to be a key and decisive terrain during the siege of Dubrovnik.