Spatial distribution of contemporary immigration in the Republic of Croatia (2021–2024)

Abstract

Croatia, traditionally a country of emigration, is gradually transforming into a country of immigration, while statistical data also record return migration flows. This paper examines the spatial patterns of migration distribution in the Republic of Croatia during the period 2021–2024. In the context of intensified migration movements and changes in Croatia’s demographic structure, the study analyses how recent waves of immigrants, including the return of emigrants and their descendants, as well as the immigration of foreign nationals, are spatially manifested. Based on official statistical data, the paper identifies the key centres of immigration attractiveness. The findings indicate that immigration is concentrated in major urban agglomerations with the most significant economic activities, particularly the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County, as well as in coastal regions characterized by a well-developed tourism and service sector (Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, and Split-Dalmatia County). At the same time, rural areas continue to experience negative demographic trends, further deepening the existing regional disparities. The analysis reveals that the principal factors shaping the spatial distribution of immigration are economic opportunities (labour market conditions and economic development) and quality of life, especially in coastal areas. The paper highlights the need for targeted regional policies aimed at balancing these flows and harnessing the positive effects of immigration for the sustainable development of the national territory.