Autorska prava u digitalnom dobu
kako internet i peer-to-peer tehnologija za razmjenu podataka utječu na percepciju autorskih prava i njihovo kršenje
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15291/libellarium.v0i0.232Ključne riječi:
Zakon o autorskom pravu, autorska prava, digitalna kultura, peer-to-peer tehnologija za razmjenu podataka, mrežne tehnologijeSažetak
U kulturi binarnih sustava, digitalnih sadržaja i tehnoloških praksi autorska prava i zakon o autorskom pravu prolaze kroz određene promjene. Tehnološki razvoj postupno potiče razvoj novog koncepta autorstva i autorskih prava, promovirajući slobodni internet i digitalno tržište te stvarajući novo suvremeno iskustvo kulture utemeljene na digitalnoj tehnologiji, masovnoj komunikaciji i svijetu multimedije i virtualnosti. Unatoč tomu što računalna i digitalna tehnologija na različite načine služe i autoru i korisniku, obje su tehnologije ujedno i vrlo plodno tlo za razmjenu zaštićenih autorskih djela, što dovodi do pojave različitih oblika kršenja autorskih prava. Cilj je ovoga rada identificirati i analizirati načine na koje računalna i digitalna tehnologija potiču razvoj novih trendova u području proizvodnje (npr. kultura remixa) i konzumacije i distribucije (npr. peer-to-peer tehnologija za razmjenu podataka) digitalnih kulturnih sadržaja, ali i utvrditi kako novi oblici distribucije i korištenja digitalnih sadržaja mijenjaju i oblikuju percepciju autorstva u 21. stoljeću. Kako bi analizirali prirodu, strukturu i dinamiku utjecaja novih digitalnih i mrežnih tehnologija na koncept autorstva i autorskih prava te kako bi ispitali konzistentnost postavljenih hipoteza, autori su proveli anketu među općom hrvatskom populacijom u dobi od 15 do 60 i više godina. Prikupljeno je ukupno 535 ispunjenih upitnika. Podaci su analizirani pomoću alata SPSS i metode kvantitativne analize. Posebna je pozornost posvećena konceptu autorstva u digitalnom okružju kao i konceptu peer-to peer tehnologije za razmjenu podataka koja je, unatoč tomu što je prisutna već dulje vrijeme, još uvijek popularna mrežna arhitektura za distribuciju, korištenje i razmjenu digitalnih sadržaja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da većina ispitanika koristi peer-to-peer tehnologiju za razmjenu podataka kako bi pristupila digitalnim kulturnim sadržajima (npr. filmovima, glazbi, knjigama i sl.) te kako bi ih konzumirala i/ili dalje dijelila putem mreže, kršeći pritom prava autora, odnosno nositelja autorskih prava. To je ujedno jedan od glavnih razloga zašto nositelji autorskih prava i kreativna industrija neprestano pokušavaju pronaći nove načine kako se boriti protiv peer-to-peer tehnologije, posebice kada je u pitanju komercijalna distribucija kulturnih sadržaja, čime ponekad ograničavaju kulturnu proizvodnju i tehnološki napredak. To dovodi do zaključka da novo dinamično, decentralizirano i distribuirano mrežno okružje utemeljeno na principima digitalne demokracije i participirajuće kulture prosumera traži određene izmjene zakona o autorskom pravu i nova rješenja o pitanju njegova kršenja. Istraživanje je pokazalo da se temeljno razumijevanje autorstva, tj. prava autora i drugih kreativnih djelatnika u kontekstu internetske kulture i digitalnih medija nije značajno promijenilo, no uslijed pojave novih načina digitalne proizvodnje i konzumacije kulturnih sadržaja, stavovi, navike i prakse korisnika doživjele su određene promjene. Sukladno tomu zakonodavstvo mora pronaći nove i drugačije mehanizme kako bi uspostavilo ravnotežu između potreba i prava autora i potreba i prava korisnika.
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