Banks’ non-revenue exposures

analytical framework for identification, determinants and management strategies

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15291/oec.3902

Keywords:

non-performing exposures, non-preforming loans management, non-performing exposure indicators

Abstract

The banks as specialists in underwriting and risk management are mostly exposed to credit risk in their operations and non-revenue exposures are to the greatest extent the result of approved risky loans. The aim of the paper is to determine the key elements from the definition of bad placements and their evolution, factors of representation, trend and structure, and provide recommendations to bank managers in selecting the strategies to manage the credit portfolios of poor quality for general optimization of the bank’s own business efficiency. Knowledge and experiential synthesis of various approaches in primary and secondary research of recent decades have been used to create the content of the paper. Key determinants of non- revenue exposure of banks were identified through an innovative analytical framework and analysis of current market data and proposed solutions. It was successfully achieved through comparison and critical experiential evaluation, starting from the aspect of modernizing the business models of banks in today’s reformed and post-crisis regulatory, supervisory and business framework of bank operations. Hence, the paper is a specific meta-analysis of previous research results obtained through a systematic inception point and a foundation for new scientific research papers in the Croatian language.

References

Balta, N., Vašíček, B. (2020). Financial channels and economic activity in the euro area: a large-scale Bayesian VAR approach, Empirica, 47 (2), 431-451. Dostupno na: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09432-x (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision [BCBS] (2017). Prudential treatment of problem assets-definitions of non-performing exposures and forbearance, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Basel. Dostupno na: https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs128.htm (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Bernanke, B., Gertler, M., Gilchrist, S. (1999). The Financial Accelerator in a Quantitative Business Cycle Framework, u: Taylor, J. B., Woodford, M. (ur.), Handbook of macroeconomics, Volume 1C (1341-1393), Elsevier, Amsterdam,

Bernanke, B., Gertler, M. (1989). Agency Costs, Net Worth, and Business Fluctuations, The American Economic Review, 79 (1), 14-31. Dostupno na: 10.22004/ag.econ.292693 (pristupljeno 31.03.2022.)

BCBS (2006). Basel II: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: A Revised Framework – Comprehensive Version, Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Dostupno na: https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs128.htm (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Cappiello, L., Kadareja, A., Kok, C., Protopapa, M. (2010). Do bank loans and credit standards have an effect on output? A panel approach for the euro area, Europska središnja banka, Frankfurt. Dostupno na: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1150.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Deloitte (2020). NPL securitisations and related governmental guarantee schemes in Europe, Deloitte UK. London. Dostupno na: htps://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/corporate-finance/deloitte-uk-npl-securitisation-report.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

EBA (2014). EBA FINAL draft Implementing Tehnical Standards: On Supervisory reporting on forbearance and non-performing exposures under article 99 (4) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, Europsko nadzorno tijelo za bankarstvo, Pariz. Dostupno na: https://eba.europa.eu/sites/default/documents/files/documents/10180/449824/a55b9933-be43-4cae-b872-9184c90135b9/EBA-ITS-2013-03%20Final%20draft%20ITS%20on%20Forbearance%20and%20Non-performing%20exposures.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

EBA (2019). The EBA Methodological guide, Risk indicators and detailed risk analysis tools, Europsko nadzorno tijelo za bankarstvo, Pariz. Dostupno na: https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/documents/files/documents/10180/1380571/343e01d7-0c8f-4d7f-b59e-cc23a7b9dd9d/Revised%20EBA%20Methodological%20Guide%20-%20Risk%20Indicators%20and%20DRAT%20%2820%20March%202019%29.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

EBA (2021). Risk assesment of the European banking system, December 2021, Europsko nadzorno tijelo za bankarstvo, Pariz. Dostupno na: https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/documents/files/document_library/Risk%20Analysis%20and%20Data/EU%20Wide%20Transparency%20Exercise/2021/1025102/Risk_Assessment_Report_December_2021.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

EBA (2020). Guidelines on legislative and non-legislative moratoria on loan repayments applied in the light of the COVID-19 crisis. Dostupno na: https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/documents/files/document_library/Publications/Guidelines/2020/GL%20amending%20EBA-GL-2020-02%20on%20payment%20moratoria/960349/Final%20report%20on%20EBA-GL-2020-02%20Guidelines%20on%20payment%20moratoria%20-%20consolidated%20version.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

EC (2018). Monitoring report on risk reduction indicators, Europska komisija, Bruxelles. Dostupno na: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/37029/joint-risk-reduction-monitoring-report-to-eg_november-2018.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

EC (2019b). State aid: Commission approves market conform asset protection scheme for banks in Greece, Europska komisija, Bruxelles. Dostupno na: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_6058 (pristupljeno 31.03.2022.)

Europska investicijska banka (2014). Unlocking lending in Europe [e-publikacija], Europska investicijska banka, Luxembourg. Dostupno na: https://www.eib.org/attachments/efs/economic_report_unlocking_lending_in_europe_en.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Europska komisija EC (2019a). Četvrto izvješće o napretku u smanjenju loših kredita i daljnjem smanjenju rizika u bankarskoj uniji, Europska komisija, Bruxelles. Dostupno na: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/HR/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32012L0029 (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Europska središnja banka (ECB) (2018). Financial Stability Review: November 2017, Europska središnja banka, Frankfurt. Dostupno na: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/fsr/ecb.financialstabilityreview201711.en.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Europski odbor za sistemske rizike (ECSR) (2017). Resolving non-performing loans in Europe, Europski odbor za sistemske rizike, Frankfurt. Dostupno na: https://www.esrb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/reports/20170711_resolving_npl_report.en.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Europsko nadzorno tijelo za bankarstvo (EBA) (2022). Risk Dashboard, Data as of Q3 2021, Europsko nadzorno tijelo za bankarstvo, Pariz. Dostupno na: https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/documents/files/document_library/Risk%20Analysis%20and%20Data/Risk%20dashboard/Q3%202021/1025829/EBA%20Dashboard%20-%20Q3%202021%20v2.pdf?retry=1 (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Hrvatska narodna banka (2017). Odluka o klasifikaciji izloženosti u rizične skupine i načinu utvrđivanja kreditnih rizika. Dostupno na: https://narodne novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/full/2017_11_114_2666.html (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

KPMG (2017). Non-peforming loans in Europe – What are the solutions, KPMG, Amstelveen. Dostupno na: https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2017/05/non-performing-loans-in-europe.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

KPMG (2019). Overview of the Hercules scheme, KPMG, Amstelveen. Dostupno na: https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/gr/pdf/2019/12/NPEs_securitization_HERCULES.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Krueger, R. (2002). International Standards for Impairment and Provisions and their Implications for Financial Soundness Indicators, Međunarodni monetarni fond, Washington. Dostupno na: https://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/npl/eng/2002/rk0702.pdf (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Međunarodni monetarni fond [IMF] (2006). Financial Soundness Indicators: Compilation Guide. Dostupno na: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fsi/guide/2006/index.htm (pristupljeno 31.3.2022.)

Moccero, D. N., Pariès, M. D., Maurin, L. (2014) Financial conditions index and identification of credit supply shocks for the euro area, International finance, 17(3), 297-321. Dostupno na: https://doi.org/10.1111/infi.12056 (pristupljeno 31.03.2022.)

Pavkovć, A., Marošević, K., Cesarec. A. (2019b). Determinants of the corporate nonperforming loan volume in the Republic of Croatia, u: Leko Šimić, M. i Crnković, B. (ur.), 8th International Scientific Symposium Economy od Eastern Croatia-Vision and Growth, Sveučilište Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Ekonomski fakultet, Osijek, 485-499.

Pavković, A., Hrgović, R., Cesarec, A. (2019c), Impact of non-performing loans on banks loan portfolio and economic growth in the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Hercegovina, Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Mostaru, Special issue, 7-20.

Vijeće Europske unije (EU Council) (2017c). Report of the FSC Subgroup on Non-Performing Loans [e-publikacija], Vijeće Europske unije, Bruxelles. Dostupno na: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9854-2017-I

Published

2022-12-02

Issue

Section

Preliminary communication

How to Cite

Pavković, Anita. 2022. “Banks’ Non-Revenue Exposures: Analytical Framework for Identification, Determinants and Management Strategies”. Oeconomica Jadertina 12 (2): 3-22. https://doi.org/10.15291/oec.3902.