As early as 1846. a significant inscription of the Bishop and confessor Maurus has been found in the altar of the Euphrasius' cathedral in Poreč (Parentium). In spite of many papers and studies dedicated to this epigraph all problems have not yet been solved. Especially wrong is the explanation of the last sentence which is the theme of this paper. But, in order to achieve the aim, it is necessary to take into consideration complete inscription and its context. The epigraph consists of four sentences of two lines each. The last sentence is incomplete, since its second line was chiselled out, except for zhe word actus. It is very important to bear in mind that the inscription is of sepulchral character. The word cubile in the first line was not very well understood. The author emphasizes that, bearing in mind the poetic way of the style, this word must be the substitution for the word sarcophagus. It is more probable since it is a fragment of a late antique sarcophagus. The second sentence is quite clear. The third speaks about the solemn translation of the Maurus' corpse on the place where he was elected bishop and where he suffered for the faith and became confessor. Most scholars thaught that the meaning of confessor and martyr must have been the same even in the 4th century. The author assumes that only the original meaning of the word could come in question, since the same word was twice mentioned. Confessors in contrast to martyrs survived persecutions and therefore were less honoured. Obviously the citizens of Parentium would not do such a confusion for their bishop, if he was really a martyr. The last sentence was usually thought to reffer to a new church which was attached to the older one (basilicae geminatae) in honour of the translation of Maurus' body from the cemetery to the cathedral. The word locus was thought to be the sinonym for the ecclesia. Only D. Rendić-Miočević had slightly different opinion. He emphasized the position and significance of the syntagma in honore, and supposed that honour of Maurus was duplicated, but not locus, i. e. ecclesia. Also for him locus is ecclesia. The author of this paper, starting from the sepulchral context of the inscription, points out that word locus in this regard means burial or burial with the belonging area. Locus signifies, especially in Christian terminology, holy burial (locus sanctus). So the meaning of the sentence must be that the Maurus' burial was doubled. How could a burial be doubled? But it is very simple. With translation Maurus got two burials: the original in the cemetery, the second one in the cathedral. It was quite normal for saints to have two or even more loca sancta. Such a situation should be noticed for example in Salona, where Anastasius burial was moved from his mausoleum in the southern church on the same site, but both functioned simultaneously. Maurus even nowdays has two burials. One in Rome, in the Lateran oratory near the Lateran baptistery and the other in the Poreč cathedral. The same is with Salonitan martyrs who have burials in the Split cathedral and in the same chapel in Lateran. So the word locus is not sinonym for ecclesia (church), but it means, as usual, the saints' burial. The author dated the epitaph in the 5th century and correlated it with the second phase of the Poreč cathedral.
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Teaching history of arts and art culture between dialectics and linguistics
Analyzing the discussions concerning the art culture programme in the secondary school the author points out two basic emerging tendencies. The first and wider tendency, starting from the modern theory of design (total design; i. e. the design of man’s environment) and having certain philosophic-anthropological orientation, envisages art culture in the dynamic context of the nature-man-work dialectical triangle (culture, form) and develops the idea of art culture from the formative character of total human activities in the co-ordinates of synchrony and diachrony. The second programme tends to look at art culture primarily as learning »visual language«, whereby its linguistic-structuralist character can be recognized together with the complete isolation of forms on the synchronic level. As a founder of the theoretical basis of the first programme the author has a critical attitude towards an independent linguistic approach to ant culture and accepts it only within a wider dialectic model, supporting his arguments by the works of the linguistics of de Saussure, Wiener, Chomsky and Martinet, and by the design and art theoreticians such as Gropius, Maldonado, Eco, Pacio an Argan.
The struggle of Dalmatian workers for the betterment of their economic position (1918—1929)
The strikes of Dalmatian proleteriat as a way of their economic struggle for their class interest, were determined by the economic and political situation in Yugoslavia in general, and especially in Dalmatia. It was also determined by the oscilatiotns in the organizing development of the sindicates under the influence of KPJ which led most od the workers’ movements. The sindícate movement was politically divided between the dominant communist movement (CRSVJ and Independent sindicates) and the reform party (ORS, GRS, and URSSJ) and this hindered its unitary proleterian front and it also weakened the common class struggle of the workers against the united capital. Led by the communits, the masses of revolutionary-minded workers in Dalmatia became members of the sindicates until mddtwenties and with heavy strikes they pressed the bourgeoisie to meet many of itheir demands. After the contra-revolutionary attack of the bourgeoisie in 1920. the situation changed completely. It is the beggining of a new period where we see relentless struggle of the Independent sindicates, not only against the ruthless capitalist exploatation and the disrespect of the workers’ legislature, but also against the oportunistic reform sindicates which, because of their colaboration with the system, lost the favour of the Dalmatian proleteriat. The analisys of the strike actions in the period between 1921. and 1929. shows that their intensity varied and that the workers’ struggle was becoming more and more defensive. It is also important to strees that the unsuccessful actions were result (apart from the police pressure) of the fractions within the sindícate mo- wement itself. Althrough weak in their organisation, the Indipendent sindicates had more influence on the unorganised workers. They gained their favour and support together with successful struggle for some everday interest of the workers. These economic actions of the workers under the influence of KPJ were an important pant of the general revolutionary struggle of the proleteriat against the bourgeois leadership. The character of the sindicato struggle thus gained eminent political significance and the sindicate played the role of an active political strength for the changes in society.
The upheavals taking place in the countries of the South Slavs deeply influenced the national ,political, social and economic life of the Balkan Slavs, especially the Croats, both in Civil Croatia and in Dalmatia. The disorders in Civil Croatia following the forcible Hungarization accompanied by brutal exploitation of material resources and by national oppression, had an immediate echo in Dalmatia. Moved by the impulses from Civil Croatia, demonstrations in Dalmatia lasted two months. The movement of solidarity with the brothers behind Velebit turned from anti-Hungarian into anti-Austrian, with obvious tendencies to demolish the old Monarchy in order to liberate and unite all Croatian countries and form one country with the neighbouring South Slavs. The initiative in the fight was taken by Split, the natural centre of Dalmatia. The political and party leaders of the city directed the demonstrators. They also organized money collections for the victims of the demonstrations. The action was also supported by the Croatian immigrants in the USA and in other parts of the world, and thanks to the activity of the headquarters in Split substantial sums of money from abroad were used to alleviate the afflictions in Civil Croatia. At the same time the situation in Civil Croatia become known abroad, especially in European countries, and the aims of the struggle against the hegemonistic rule of Budapest and Vienna were published in the leading European newspapers. The demonstrations forced the goverment in Vienna to remove Ban Khuen from Croatia, but it did not satisfy Dalmatia. Its united political and party leaders, at the meeting in Split at the end of November, 1903, accepted the programme of the »new course« policy. It left no doubts as to the undivided national strategy towards Vienna and Budapest, aiming at achieving the national ideal of liberation and union of all South Slavs in one country.
The eighteenth-century Zadar Notaries seals
This paper deals with eighteenth-century Zadar notaries’ seals having not yet been examined scientifically. From the beginnings of the notariate up to the seventeenth century, notaries certified the documents by their signature and the notarial sing. From the seventeenth century onwards the first notarial seals came into use having been chiefly the sfragistical representations of the notarial sings. At the same time figurative seals appeared as well, representing most frequently their owners’ coats of arms, legends, allusive representations of names or professions. Seals treated in this paper belong chiefly to the figurative ones and to those with legend. They are all oval-shaped with one exception only (Bartol Ferrari). Very interesting are the seals of notaries by the name of Lomazzi, Troilo, Itkovic and Calogera, due to the contents of their figures. The coats of arms are emphasized on the seals of such notaries as Francesei, Ferrari, Canova, Guerrini, Ferra- ri-Cupili, Coltelli and Castelli. Legends include mainly initials denoting name and function while words and mottoer are rare. Abbreviation is doubly represented: by initials or per suspen- sionem. Regarding marks of distinction dots, little crosses and asterisks are used. The practical usage of notarial seals lays in the notarization of various documents serving in the first place, together with the notary’s signature, as a means of certification giving legal force to a document and enjoying in this way the public confidence (fides publica).
Development of liberal ideals in the Burgeois Society of Dalmatia from enlightment till the appearance of the Illyrian movement
Cultural relationship of Dalmatia with other European countries throughout centuries, specially with Italy and France made possible the filtration of liberal ideas. It specially came to expression from the beggining of the period of Enlightment via Franch Encyclopedists, Rationalists, Free Masons, Jacobites, Carbonaries, French, Greek, and Neapolitan revolutionaries to the Mazzini - followers in Italy. Liberal ideas came to Dalmatia via students who studied at Western Universities, via books, newspapers, then through friendships either personal or with relatives and / or other connections. After the French Revolution influences grew which could be seen through formations of masonary lodges, and Carbonary-societies. For tlie French government Masons supported the existing regime while in the changing political situations in Austria Carbonaries, foromer Masons, then followers of the »Young Italia society were considered to be country's enemies. After the Viennese congress Nort-Italian and Dalmatian carbonaries met in the same country. This objectively speaking made it possible to link them together against the same enemy. Against foreign enemies Austrian government defends itself by closed borders, increased censorship, investigations, imprisonments, court processes, and all that in order to defend itself from revolutionary ideas of Western liberalism. All those humain and democratic ideas had a rather weak response all due to underdeveloped social structure of the burgeois society in Dalmatia. It was a rather shy reaction of the relatively thin segment of citizens against the newly imposed absolutism without larger pretentions.
Diplomatic formulas of Latin Bulls belonging to Bosnian-Hum rulers and Peers from the 12th to 15th century
Regarding diplomatic formulae of the Bosnian-hum Latin bulls in the period from the 12th to 15th century one can speak of the great variety of those. The most persistant are the formulae of invokatio, dispositio, inscriptio, and datatio. All others went through a change more or less. Among them one can speak of corroboratio, narratio, promulgatio, arenga and vitnesses (testes). Rather rarely one can trace salutatio, petltio, sanctio, invocatio verbalis, aprecatio, and subscriptio. The oath of allegion is always attached to some other formula. Most rarely used was symbolic invocation. Invocatio verbalis is found in the well known formula which was in the use in the West, but was taken over from the East, and was usually used for single invocation for each of the three deviine persons. The affirmation of the invocatio verbalis which follows bull’s statement of contents is aprecatio. Intitulatio is also under the influence of the West. It can be traced very often at the beggining of the bulls. Inscriptio is found in the introductory part, called protocol. It can have general or rather specific form. Sometimes the oath is attached to it. It stresses the advantage of the holy kingdom over an earthly one. The same is with arenga. Promulgatio or notificatio is found in majority of bulls in the protocol, its actually an a way publication of the bull’s contents. Narratio or expositio varies placewise in the Bosnian Latin bulls. Its contents reveal the dates of historical institutions, merits of receiver of donation as well as of the former ruler’s bulls. Petitio is contentwise short, and tells us something about the person who had been given donation. Dispositio takes the largest and the most important part of the bull. It reveals donator’s wishes exposing his will regarding material and moral object. Corroboratio is short and it contains the statement about validity and durability of the bull which; bears the seal. Sanctio has a role of carrying out what bull contains, It can consist of anathema and the oath. Witnesses are always respected peers of Bosnia and Hum. Datatio contains geographical data and indicates time-dates. Bosnian-hum Latin bulls are dated according to the years of Christ’s birth, and for the beginning January 1. had been taken. Dotatio is as a rule always at the end of the bull.
The Origin and development of Knin Medieval Urban setting
Croatian historiography stressed the role of Knin as a canter of political events but much less attention had been paid to the genesis of Knin as a medieval urban center. The former moments are important for the origin aind development of Knin but they do not sufficiently explain and present the way in which this medieval urban setting originated and developed. The author tries to reconstruct the origin, development and the appearance of Knin medieval urban center, from its beginning (the 10th century) to the 15th century when Knin did not function as an organized urban setting any more. The reasons for this were constant Turkish attacks, the bishop leaving the town and the inhabitants were dispersed also. The author, not only describes the appearance of this urban center, but also points to its administrative, clerical and political structure which are chracteristic for this town. It is important to stress these elements in order to understand the importance of Knin in the context of political scene in the medieval Croatian state.
Neogothic restauration of Franciscan Monasteries in Zadar
In the second half of the 19th century there can be traced great architectural activity in Zadar, it can be seen at the peninsula w ith the outgrow th of the new city, and on the m ainland. It is the period of neostylistic architecture as seen in the rest of Europe. In this city we encounter primarily academic neo-classicism and neo-Renaissance much more rarely neo Gothic and neo-Romanesque tendencies. Therefore specially valuable are neo-Gothic restaurations of the St. Frances monastery and the church of St. Michael which represent the beginning of neostylistic arhitecture in Zadar (1859. and 1869.).
Starohrvatska nekropola u Stankovcima kod Benkovca
Autor je u radu obradio rezultate istraživanja sačuvanog dijela starohrvatske nekropole ranog horizonta u selu Stankovcima kod Benkovca. Na osnovi analize arheoloških nalaza iz 13 istraženih grobova - popraćenih detaljnom tehničkom i fotodokumentacijom, kao i na temelju svih zapažanja uočenih istraživanjem preostataka, nesumnjivo veće ali eksploatacijom pijeska uništene, nekropole, spašeni dio grobova datira okvirno u 8. stoljeće. Istraženi grobovi izrazito su poganskog obilježja, u pogledu kulta pokapanja, a po sadržaju grobnih nalaza jače naglašeni kulturni utjecaj autohtonog življa. Dok je za kult pokapanja karakteristična osebujna kamena grobna arhitektura kasnoantičkog obilježja, i paljenje kultnih vatri u grobovima, dotle kod grobnih priloga pozornost zaslužuje keramika, rađena pod utjecajem autohtonog kasnoantičkog življa, te još neki upotrebni predmeti kasnoantičke provenijencije - češalj i šilo. S obzirom na iznesene karakteristike, groblje pripada najstarijem sloju dalmatinsko-hrvatskih groblja ranog horizonta, i po mišljenju autora predstavlja značajan doprinos za daljnje proučavanje i osvjetljavanje geneze i razvoja najstarije materijalne i duhovne kulture Hrvata u novoj postojbini na obali i zaleđu istočnog Jadrana, a time i kulture Južnih Slavena uopće.
The fact established not long ago that the well - known relief of the Mihtraic taurochthony (CIMRM II, p. 260, no. 1879) comes from Zadar where it was discovered in 1848 makes possible a better explanation of the appearance and development of Mithraism in the period of the second and third centuries in Jader. (Table I) The rendering of the relief, which was made in a provincial workshop, has a series of characteristics obviously inspired by the artistic and stylistic traditions of the classical sculpture, such as plastic characteristics of the whole composition with the elements of the full sculpture, realistic representation of movements, successful realization of plans and depth, etc. Such a stylistic context, and especially several monographic elements (Hellenistic-Roman, not oriental, visual interpretation of the clothes on Cautesa. who is shown with a mantle on a naked body, then Sol and the lost Luna, who are shown in full and not in reduced forms) date the relief in the middle of the second century, i. e. in the first phase of the development of Mithraism on the eastern ooast of the Adriatic. Its dimensions (being wider than 1 m it belongs to the group of the largest Mithraic movable reliefs in the province of Dalmatia for most of which it has been established, and for the rest only assumed, that they belonged to the cult - altar reliefs) show that this was an altar - relief, too. It means, therefore, that in the middle of the second century an organized Mithraic community existed in Jader, with the members assembling in the Mithraeum where this large cult picture was placed, functioning as an altar - relief. With regard to the place and context where it was found one can suppose that the Mithraeum was in an ager, east of Jader, and possibly in the vicinity of the amphitheatre or, more to the east, near the sanctuary of Apollo the Lycian. The characteristics of the other Mithriac relief (table II, fg. 1-2), of which only a corner fragment has been preserved, point to the presence of the influence of the Pannonian - Noricum regions on the development of Mithraism in Jader in the third century. With the reliefs from Konjic, Gardun and Banjevci this relief represents, geographically, the most eastern group of Mithraic reliefs with a motive on the back found in the Roman Empire. Since the reliefs with the reverse were, as a rule, cult-aind-altar reliefs one has reason to suppose that the relief from Jader, whose dimensions have not been established, was also a cult-and-altar relief. As was the case with the well-known relief from Konjic, the pater of the Mithraic community could lift it without difficulty in certain moments of the ceremony, turning to the congregation its back side where, most probably, was the motive of a holy meal, as was the case with other such reliefs. As in one Mithraeum two reliefs could not exist as altar reliefs one can conclude that, when the relief was made and used, there were two Mithraic temples and two Mitraic communities in Jader in the third century.
Rites of the Chieftain’s grave in Atenica and traces of the Archaic kingdom in Illyria
The well known chieftain’s grave at mound II in Atenica near Čačak (at the turn of the 6th and 5th century B. C.) belongs to the series of rich graves within the wider sphere of Hallstatt culture in Europe. It stands out because of its distinct sacrificial rites (three wild oxen, two pigs, a dog) and its particular sacrificial construction placed on the platform alongside the tomb. The sacrifice of the six animals on the base of the platform has probably to be brought into connection with the Indoeuropean triadical sacrifice of the Roman snovetaurilia type (sautramani in India). This interpretation calls attention to the fact that in its original form this type of sacrifice to a powerful deity presupposed the employment of other deities (especially visible in the sautramani rite): as in Umbria (offerings accompanying the lustration of ithe people) changes probably took place here in regard to the choice and number of offerings, because of the further development of differentiated functions - in contradistinction to Rome where Mars remained the sole recipient of the offerings. The analysis of the spatial arrangement of the sacrificial construction also bears witness to the existence of a cdmplex theology. The function and character of the ritual on the sacrificial construction are not quite clear. What is certain is that tire complex ritual as well as the rich accoutrement of the tomb, and especially the absolute subordination of all spatial relations to the sides of the world (the coordination with the heavenly axes), lead to the thought that we are dealing with a ruler who was really »the king« in the archaic meaning of the term.
The Prehistoric Anthropomorphons Statuette from Čikat on the island of Lošinj
The statuette being an accidental find its original archeological context is wholly undefiend. Because of this the interpretation of the statuette is inevitably based on the procedure of iconographically and stylistically analysing it. Attention, is here given to the comparative investigation of the complete earthenware prehistoric anthropomorphic plastic on the eastern Adriatic. This procedure shows that the statuette does not belong to the circle of neolithic plastic from this area. Likewise it is impossible to establish whether it belongs to the Copper or Bronze Age Adriatic cultures. The figurative concept of the statuette from Cikat contains the aspiration after a clearer concreteness of the anthropomorphic complex. This is done iin a fashion atypical for the period prior to the first stabilization of cultures during the Iron age on the Adriatic. Accordingly, the statuette from Cikat most probably belongs to the Iron age culture. It thusly appears as the only heretofore known specimen of earthenware anthropomorphic plastic from this period on Libur- nian territory. At the same time it represents one of the most outstanding specimens from the entire fund of this type of prehistoric plastic on the eastern Adriatic.
The influence of socio-economic conditions from Dubrovnik and other cities on the coast regarding the cultural change in the 14th and 15th century
The beginning of the mining trade in the mediavel Bosninnn tale which indices with the lack of precious metals, specially silver in the Western Europe made prerequiste conditions lor the development of trade which brings upon the development ol the cities. All this influenced the economic as well as social changes in the mediavel Bosnian state which was closely connected with the cities in the coast toward which Bosnia and Hum were oriented economicaly and culturaly. Economic and sociological stirrings, changes and Hows had definite reflection on cultural conditions in Bosnia and Hum, socially iin the course of the 14th and 15th century, Bosnian population undergoes great cultural changes under the inlluence of the cities on the coast, specially Dubrovnik. This was very much felt in urban settlements where a certain percentage of the population from the cities oh the coast, live and worked, and brought over the characteristics of the culture on the coast. Owing primarily to its geographic position Bosnia and Hum came into close contact with the tree specific regional features iin culture. First of all it was the influence of the mediterranean region represented by the culture of the cities on the coast, Dubrovnik, Split, Trogir, Zadar, Šibenik and GmiS. More distinguished representatives of the Bosnia-Hum middle class society and more eminent part of their nobility accepted the westren European custom of the time which came via cities on the coast, that is, from northern Croatia find western Europe. The influence of the cities on the coast could be seen in all aspects of cultural life from clothes-fashion to house arrangements. The influence was felt in literacy, cultural and public life (Theatrical performances and other games).
The king’s court in Bosnia in relation to Zadar and Hrvoje’s role in the events that took place in Zadar at the end of the 14th and 15th century
The medieval Bosnian state which was ruled by its rulers and peers aspired at the end of the 14th and the 15th century toward occupation of Dalmatian cities. They were specially keen to get hold of Zadar, which was never ruled by any of the Bosnian rulers as opposed to some other- Dalmatian cities. Zadar came quite close to being occupied. These tendencies were mostly expressed by Tvrtko the First, King Ostoja, and duke Hrvoje with his brothers. The greatest hindrance was the Hungarian-Croatian rule which Zadar had to acknowledge. When Ilungerian hold over Zadar grew weaker Bosnia was keener to get hold of Zadar, and viceversa when there was peace at the Ilungerian court Bosnian aspirations grew weaker. When Croatian peers raised against the Hungarian court, majority of the Croatian peers and Bosnia’s interests found common ground. Zadar is the best example for this kind of policy, Zadar began counting right at this time on Bosnian help, and this policy was always in accordance with interests of the majority of Croatian peers. Thus the crowning of Ladislav of Naples took place in Zadar in 1403. He was crowned as Hungarian-Croatian king. This event Split Ithe interests of the official part of the Bosnian court as well as the narrow circle around the court with those of Croatian peers. One of the most influential participators of these events was duke Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić who for a while stopped acting in accordance with interests of the Bosnian court, instead protected the interests of Croatian peers and his own. Nevertheless despite all these evets and expectations history took quite different course, unexpectedly it all resulted with thè sale of Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic. Regardless all these stormy - events around Zadar, and in Zadar, Zadar maintained its commercial connections with Bosnia, primarily they held salt-trade.
Mudrost jedinstva i raskoš rastvaranja (suvremenost povijesne dvoznačnosti u poimanju umjetnosti)
Polazeći od činjenice da u određivanju umjetnosti postoji povijesni prijelom koji dijeli dva osnovna poimanja: s jedne strane antikno-srednjovjekovno, a s druge strane poimanje razvijeno nakon XVI, a napose nakon XVIII st. autor postavlja i obrazlaže tezu da između ova dva koncepta postoji bitna razlika te se oni ne mogu izraziti istim sustavom stručnog nazivlja. Takav postupak je ishodište mnogih nesporazuma a osim toga i onemogućava ostvarenje istinskog i plodonosnog povijesnog iskustva. Razlike proizlaze iz bitno drugačijeg strukturiranja odnosa čovjek - priroda (život, kozmos, stvarnost, svijet, cjelina, bitak). Antikno-srednjovjekovni koncept je, u načelu, primarno upućen na cjelovitost, jedinstvo svega postojećeg, izraženo dinamičkim silama (zakonima, pravilima, odnosima) koji ostvaruju to jedinstvo i kvalitativno određuju, kako uključene dijelove tako i njihove odnose. Novovjeki koncept, plošno, statički i količinski, kao izraz dominantno analitičkog postupka, izdvojio je čovjeka i postavio ga nasuprot stvarnosti, uputivši ga na njeno rastvaranje, izdvajanje i »osamostaljivanje« dijelova, a time i na sve uočljivije predviđanje cjeline i dinamike zakonitosti koja ostvaruje cjelinu. Suvremena svijest o »zaboravu Bitka« (Heidegger), o »gubitku središta« (Sedlmayer) kao i sve intenzivnija potraga za novim određenjem oblika kao antičke vrijednosti, otkrivanje ponašanja kao strukture, a percepcije kao totalnog doživljaja (Merleau-Ponty), otvara sve potpunije mogućnosti iskorištavanja povijesnog iskustva u ostvarivanju suvremene funkcionalne sinteze kako umjetnosti u užem, tako i oblikovne kulture u širem smislu.
Independent workers of Dalmatia at the election for regional assembly in janaury 1927.
The author shows the specific way of election for the regional assembly at the beginning of 1927 with special reference to the engagement of Ihe KPJ (Communist party) in such elections. The author investigates the conditions for the formation of Croatian peasant-workers union and presents a critical overview stating that the enemieis ties were not sufficiently ready for cooperation with the unrealiable dissidents of the Croatian paesani party. Without taking into consideration relatively important success of the election, the author conies to the conclusion that the leadership of Dalmatian communist movement was too forced and opportunistic and this threatened Hie dominant class struggle of the opposition in the election process. In such a context we have to see Ihe severe critical approach to the errors of Dalmatian communists on the side of the right fraction in the Central committee of the KPJ which was blind to the opportunistic behaviour of the wm Iters and peasant« claiming that it protect the movement against the burgeoise ideology The regional elections led into more conflict among the political parties and they also contributed to the ideological and organigli tonal disunion with the KPJ which was already under way for some time.
Approbation and appointment of notaries public »veneta auctoritate« in Dalmatia
Having established legaly the power over Dalmatia in 1409. Venetian authorities acknowledge in occupied cities the territorial rights based on Statutes except for all the decrees relating local legal services which were subjugated to its supreme authorities. The local city law was valid for the appointment of notaries public, they were qualified as tzar’s or apostolic notaries. They gained this title via promotion by tzar’s or pope’s authority. In other words stale authorities had no control whatsover over appointments of notaries public, they could only control their work via local establishment. Since a notary public functioned primarily as a clerk, it was important who was he going to be appointed by, and under whose service wa he actually working. Wanting to centralize and concentrate the power of state institutions, magistrates, Venetian Republic issued the law January 12, 1613. which regulated appointments and supervised work of notaries public. From now on a notary public was appointed only by the legal representative of state authorities, that is. Venetian Republic having beforehand checked into the qualifications and moral profile of the candidate. It was a centralizing measure which aimed et astablishing stronger hold and dependability of the Republic over the occupied Dalmatia. Dalmatian Councils preserved the right of approbation of notaries public, that is, they gave suggestions and checked their capabilities, thus the Republic reducted Aristocratic Councils to free service to its authorities. Professional knowledge of Dalmatian notaries public was not on the high level, they lagged behind in relation to Italian notaries. It was actually pitiful situation of the backward and spiritualy impoverished Province. Decrees which were issued in the course of the 17th and 18th century regarding the functioning of the notary public service as well as the careful storing of records indicate that there was a certain amount of fear from abuse in this service, or else that they tried to avoid confusion and disarray in the service.
Critical overview of the research and discoveries about the island of Pašman
Three parts of the article present the critical overview of the present results of Croatian medieval studies in connection ito some problems about the island of Pašman and the author presents some new knowledge from yet unpublished manuscripts. In the section '‘Origin and development of toponyms on the island (and the village) of Pašman", the author presents his opinion about the origin and development of toponyms of Pašman from the ancient times to the present day supported by the new evidence from Zadar archives. In the section "Old settlements and places on Pašman" the author presents the chronological list of settlements of Pašman supporting his evidence with new facts. In the third section under the title "Other observations and warnings" the author offers some of his opinions from historical topography and social approaches to the early medieval Croatian history which might bear connection to the island of Pašman.
The renaissance-baroque church of our Lady of the castle in Zadar
Today's half-ruined church of Our Lady of the Castle or "of Mie Health" was built as a late renaissance rotonda in 1582. The apse was enlargeoted in 1692 and the vertical nave was built between 1700 and 1703. The baroque church tower was built by the engineers G. Binard and A. Benoni in 1705 and it harmonically fit into the existing structure. In the rotonda a valuable late baroque Inferior has been preserved and the tomb of Archbishop Zmajević (1670—1745). The church was renovated in 1897 and 1904. During the World War II the vertical nave was destroyed.
Many churches were remade in the spirit of baroque in Zadar in the 18th c. There is a loit oi material to which no special attention has been given. This article deals with the work of two altarists of the mentioned period. The first, Michiel Coste opened his altar workshop in Nin and worked in Zadar area for 28 years (1752—1780). His works are the following: Sacramental altar in the cathedral in Pag, baptistry in the same church, St. Dominique and St, Vincent’s altars in the Dominican church in Zadar and the altar of St Roko for the parish church in the village of Bibinje. The other master, Gasparo Albertini, has been known to us but three more works are mentioned here. St. Valentine’s alter for the cathedral in Pag, tabernacle for the church in the village Diniška and the tabernacle for the church in Kolan (all on Pag).
The author analyses in detail the silver relief dolne in the technique of »repousse« by Toma Martinov (Tomas Martini de Jadra), a jeweler from Zadar in 1497. The relief was found on the inner side of St. Simun’s shrine in Zadar. The author discovers the unknown contracts dated May 15, 1514 and August 10, 1524 in which Tomas Martini takes upon himself a task of making a silver statue of St. Simun. Judging by the technique done in gold and by other stylistic characteristics, the author attributes three more objects to Toma Martini: a relief (somewhat reduced) on a small shrine -reliquary and two crosses.
Odd Croatian necropolises protective researches at the villages of Smilclc and Biljane Donje near Zadar
This study deals with the results of ithe old-Croatian necropolises protective researches at the locations of Kullica in Smilčić and Pržine in Trljuge, a hamlet near Biljane Donje. Five old-Croatian graves have been preserved at the necropolis of Smilčić. These graves belong to the early horizon of the Dalmato-Croatian necropolises concerning their archaeological features, stone-grave architecture and the contents of the finds. They can be dated In the 8th and the first half of the 9th cent., the remnants representing part of a bigger but owing to the soil cultivation destroyed necropolis. The graves researched have pagan features together with burial cult (characterized by the peculiar grave architecture producted under the influence of autochthonous population) and in the contents of the objects found in rthe graves and represented only by artefacts including ceramic ware and iron knives. Old-Croatian necropolis at the village of Biljane Donje represents also part of a bigger but owing to the sand excavations destroyed old-Croatian necropolis with only 23 graves preserved. These preserved graves belong to two horizons concerning their archaeological features and on the basis of the research results analyses. The graves numbered from 1 to 13 belong to the early horizon of the Dalmato-Croatian necropolises and they can be dated in the 8th and the first half of the 9th cent., while the graves numbered Iran 14 to 23 belong to a later phase of the necropolis and they can be dated in a range spanning the 10th to the 12th cent. Though the results of the old-Croatian necropolises' protective researches ai the villages of Smilčić and Biljane Donje are arc bacologie ally incomplete owing to the destruction of the terrain, the author thinks they still served to offer a series of distinctive scientific knowledge contributing l:n the further explanations of the material a n d spiritual culture with the Croats in Dalmatia. This field is still inadequatelly researched and hardly known.
Appliques in the form of Atis’ head from the roman province Dalmatia
Appliques in the form of a youth with the Phrygian cap on his head are treated as Atis’ heads in professional publications. But two appliques from Nin (Aenona) have one feature of iconographic meaning more which proves It is really presentation of Atis face. Namely, the Phrygian caps of these two appliques are ornamented by dots, in a form of parallel lines embosed on me, and grouped in the forms of letters L, S, T, etc. on the other applique. According to the emperor Julian’s and a philosopher Salustius' information concerning Atis's tiara decorated with stars, this ornament can be explained as a material trace with relation to written sources represeoting Atis as a heavenly deity. Appliques from the province Dalmatia were parts of mostly urn graves inventory. Usually two of them were placed in a grave as parts of some objects of undefined form and purpose (boxes po.sibly) related to religion of the departed one. 'Phis conclusion stems from the fact that, the development of metroic (1. e. referred to Magna Mater, religion was confirmed by other finds as wetl in all the regions and places of Dalmatia where the appliques were found. To a certaiin degree a relativelly small number of the applique-tinds in the graves of small settlements (mostly on the province coast - Aenona, Blandona, Salona, Aequum, Diluntum) indicated they were object of a certain specific, i. e. religious and not a common, i.e. decorative function and character. Functions of Atis1 (and Kibela's) statuettes, analogous with each other and found at the necropolises throughout the Empire, e. g. at AmphipoMs, lead to a conclusion Lhal appliques in the form of Atis’ head had a cult character. The most similar to the appliques in the form of Atis' head, in the province, are analogous depictions on the grave-stones. These are figures of lamenting AUses ubiquitos im a great number on the grave-stone altars throughout the province, so that in spite of not such a great number of them at the places where the appliques can be found (e. g. there are no grave stones with the figures of lamenting Atises in Aenona), its is still highly possible that both types of depiction (the appliques in the graves and lamenting Atises on the grave-stones) had the same function. That’s why it is highly possible that figures of lamenting Atises had religious character as well, concerning visions of afterlife based on echatological characteristics of metroic doctrine, and not the expression of pain and grief after lost relative or friend. Production of the appliques in the form of Atis’ head must be searched in one ni several centres of eastern or northern Adriatic (from Salona to Aquileia). With regard to tecnologica! characteristics of the appliques as well as some specific solutions (a hole-marked pupils) and considering a period of time with the development of metroic religion on the province coast (particularly Intense development followed after the reform of metroic cult and of clergy carried out by Antoninus Pius in the last years of his rule), appliques in the form of Atis’ head were producted and used in the second half of the 2nd and in the 3rd cent., possibly a little aei'l'ier.
The phenomena of luxurious Roman necropolises is noticed in Dalmatia which is an Integral part of the ancient world. The research of that phenomena goes into the essential quality of Roman society and its relationships. The theme of this work is Salona’s necropolises ©specially those that are situated on the roads approaching a town. Salona is a town wilth a very interesiting urban structure which is strictly subordinated to the roads that existed there from ancient times, even betöre the town had been built, up there. A very important necropolis is developed along the west road. On its sides there were square parcels that had a gravestone in the middle of ili. The necropolis reached the westren area up to the Kaštel Sućurac an may be more to the west. Be.ides the western necropolis there existed a north-eastern and a south-eastern It is obvious that according to some inscriptions that have been found there, had to exist other parcels along that toad aind also on the Western road. Recently, on the north-east necropolis, two stellas of the Seventh Roman legion were discovered that were probably on service in Salona, Some important monuments of the south-west necropolis were immured in the town walls. The author suggests that the inscription in which via munita w a, mentioned, refers to this and not to the west necropolis, because it was found on the area of the first mentioned necropolis. Besides Salon’s necropolis the author mentions some other similar examples from Dalmatia (Zadar, Starigrad, Dokleja etc). After that the author refers to the fui ther development of Salona's necropolises which have a tendency to spread out in the shape of a ring round the town, because the best places along the roads had already been occupied, Cil.stìan necropolises have got a different tendency of development and their main destination is a sacred place (usually the martyr’s grave, relics etc.) Furthermore the author discusses sepulchral inscriptions and analyses all the terms referring to the grave parcels, fences, approaches etc. At the end the author gives us some general points about Salona’s necropolises and distinguishes two types of grave formation; one type is near villages and hamlets (vicus), the other type is near properties.
This work deals with Dalmatic culture in the Iron Age. It refers to the Illyrian people settled in the middle part of the east Adriatic coast, between Krka and Neretva, Adriatic sea and Dinaric mountains, on the region of Central Dalmatia, North-West Hercegovina and South-West Bosnia. After general remarks the author informs us about the settlements, burials, ceramics, about the evolution of the cultural phases and at the end he points out the main characteristics and enclosed the basic literature. The culture in that region has a peculiar characteristic and it differs from the neighbouring cultures, even from the Late Bronze Age. More than one ethnical group was mentioned in that area and the leading group was (hat oif the Dalmata. During the period of the Iron Age they united all other groups and tribes under that name. The most important, localities are: Otok (Sinj), Gorica (Ljubuški), Vir (Posušje), Blato (Korčula), Hvar, Žaganj Dolac and Viča Luka (Brač), Vis, Otišić, Danilo, FrimoSten, Petrovići, Crvenice, Gradina (Korita), Krehin Gradac etc. A specific type of settlement was located on the naturally protected and elevated places, fortified by dry walls. About 400 settlements are known to us such as those mentioned above and there also must have been even more than 700-800, and about 340 settlements (castella), which were mentioned by Rlinius. There were 50 important centres (oppida), communities, (civitates), and the others served as refuges, places for reconnaissance, cults etc. A great number of those settlements preserved their ancient name tike Solin (Salona), Vis (Issa) etc. The houses wer« right-angled with dry wals or made of wood in the background. Pile-dwelling settlements were discovered in the valley of Cetina (Otok and some other)! and also some caves were inhabited occasionally. The dead were buried in collective necropolises usually on plain ground near the settlement or in stony tumuluses 3-45 rn vide and 0.5-7 nt high, located at some distance from the settlement and the dead were usually in contracted position. An extended position was rarely used from the 6tn century. It was used in the 4lh century under the Helenistic influence. They also added ceramics, weapons and tools w hi lie jewelry and folk costumes were dominant in the early period. Local ceramics was rough, rarely ornamented by grooves, engravings, pricklings and geometrical motives. It was mostly formed in an early tradition. The following ceramics were imported: South-Italic (gnathia type), Campanian and Helenistic .someGreek ceramics from the 711' century, Etruscan and that of »Alto Adriatico«, Apulic ceramics with the geometrical ornaments on it was quite rare and it was found in 7 localities only. Gnathia and Helenistic ceramics were imitated in Issa and Pharos (Hvar), The Iron Age went through 3 periods and 5 phases after the Balkan-Pa- nonic Or Aegean migration, from the 9th to the 1st century: 1. Libumian domination on the Adriatic coast or I and II phase, from the 9th to the 7th century. 2. Liburnian, Greek and the influence of Glasinac or III and IV phase, from the 6th and the 5th century. 3. Period of Helenistic and Roman influence or V phase, from the 4th to the 1st century till the Roman domination. Dalmatic culture developed under the Liburnian influence from the 9tB Io the 7'h century They colonized the Adriatic coast and rarely contacted the continental part of the Balkan. Greek expansion on the Adriatic coast which dates from the 7lh to the 4'h century, conditioned a gradual decline of the Libumians and the importation of the Greek goods especially those from the 4th century when the Helenistic influence was strong. A culture from east Bosnian (Glasinac) penetrated through the valley of Neretva on the south part of Dalmatic region, especially in the 6th and the 5th century as also some elements from the middle part of Bosnia. The greatest changes and the decline of the local culture provoked the Romans during their intrusion in the Balkan in the 2nd and the 1st century anti their copquest at the end ol1 the 1"L century B, C. interrupted an autonomous developed of that region. In spite of a modest authonous development and a strong foreign influence during the Iron Age, Dalmatic culture kept its local specific qualities, although less than their neighbours, Liburnians or some other culture
Metodika nastave povijesti kao znanost i umijeće
Autor smatra da bi povijesna znanost morala dati snažan poticaj razvoju metodike nastave povijesti, pri čemu bi od velike pomoći mogle biti psihologija i pedagogija. Zadatak je metodike nastave povijesti da jezikom suvremene genetičko-strukturalne povjesne znanosti razvije didaktičku komunikaciju u kojoj bi se prešlo na usvajanje metodoloških vještina. Razvijena nastava povijesti imala bi veliku ulogu u povezivanju predmeta. Složene zadatke nastave povijesti moguće je ostvariti uvođenjem viših didaktičkih sustava (programirana i problemska nastava) i fleksibilne diferencijacije učenika. Tek bi se tako moglo razvijati povijesno mišljenje, koje autor definira kao strukturu specifičnih znanja i intelektualnih sposobnosti. Ta struktura omogućuje spoznaju prošlosti. Autor pokušava strukturirati metodiku nastave povijesti na osnovi povijesne znanosti kao supstratne znanosti i upućuje na potrebu povezivanja suvremene metodike kao sintetske znanosti interdisciplinarnog karaktera s drugim znanostima, i to prvenstveno s poviješću, psihologijom i pedagogijom. Valja ipak, uz sve znanstvene konponente metodike, misliti i na kreativnost nastavnika kao neznanstvenu konponentu metodike. Samo kreativan nastavnik može s uspjehom primjeniti inovacije u nastavi. Autor je, konačno, eksperimentalno dokazao kako se u »konbiniranoj« nastavi (programirana i problemska nastava, vježbe, diferencijacija i i dr.) postižu bolji rezultat te kako se u njoj razvijaju određene sposobnosti koje nisu potpuno vezane uz inteligenciju. Primjenom složenijih statističkih postupaka (analiza kovarijance i faktorska analiza) ukazuje se na mogućnost razvijanja metodologije metodike nastave povijesti.
O nekim aspektima ekonomskog položaja Zadra u međuratnom razdoblju (1918-1941)
U međuratnom razdoblju (1918-1941) Zadar s najužom okolicom nalazio se je - kako je poznato - u sastavu Italije. Na temelju Rapalskog ugovora iz 1920. god. Zadar je imao specifičan državnopravni status. Taj se status odražavao i na ekonomsko stanje te ekonomsku orijentaciju kako samog grada tako i njegove okolice (bilo kopnene, bilo otočke). Italija je nastojala unaprijediti ekonomiku Zadra, ali niti proglašenje Zadra »slobodnom lukom«, niti sklapanje »Sveto-Margaretskih konvencija« između Italije i Jugoslavije, niti ostale ekonomsko-političke mjere, nisu dovele do jačeg zamaha zadarske privrede. U stvari, mada je Italija nastojala da simbolički pokaže neku susretljivost prema građu koji je sama uništavala, nije ipak u toj susretljivosti bilo ni mnogo Iskrenosti ni mnogo logike. Stvaranje slobodne luke u Zadru od strane Italije nije bilo motivirano toliko time da se u zadarsku luku privuče međunarodni promet i da se u Zadru razvije industrija u većem stilu, nego težnjom da se, oslobođenjem od plaćanja carine na potrošne artikle, olakša život mjesnom stanovništvu, jer je Zadar ostao potpuno bez svog prirodnog zaleđa. Htjelo se također, obaranjem cijena, da se u Zadar privuče jači promet stranaca. Sve je to u krajnjoj liniji rezultiralo mračnim krijumčarskim poslovanjem, koje se nije okrenulo samo prema Jugoslaviji, nego i prema Italiji.
KPJ i sindikati u Dalmaciji u vrijeme monarhističke diktature (1920-1931)
Sindikalni pokret u Dalmaciji u razdoblju do 1929. g. odvijao se kroz tri glavne struje ili pravca različitih političkih programa i praktične aktivnosti. To su komunistički, socijalistički i HSS-ovski pravac kojim treba pridodati i djelovanje manje sindikalne organizacije s presudnim klerikalnim interesima. U cijelom međuratnom razdoblju sindikalni pokret bio je zbog političke i društvene polarizacije svojih osnivača izrazito heterogen, rascjepkan i u uvjetima socijalne i političke neravnopravnosti radničke klase relativno slab. Odnosi među sindikalnim organizacijama razvijali su se u znaku permanentnih sukobljavanja u kojima su se, s obzirom na težnju za političkom mobilizacijom radnika, zrcalili različiti sadržaji i ciljevi političke akcije. Radnička klasa Dalmacije rano je ostala bez svoje legalne političke partije, a organi vlasti progonili su i na različite načine onemogućavali djelatnost revolucionarnih sindikalnih organizacija kao rijetko gdje u Jugoslaviji. Pokušaji Komunističke partije u Dalmaciji da na bilo koji način održava legalnu vezu s radničkom klasom bili su udarcima šesto- januarske diktature grubo prekinuti, a sektaško insistiranje partijskog rukovodstva na stvaranju organizacije ilegalnih sindikata još su više priječili prodor Partije u mase industrijskih radnika. Reformistički URSSJ-ovi sindikati i podružnice tzv. neutralnih sindikata nastavili su djelovati i poslije 6. januara 1929. godine, prihvaćajući diktaturu i zahtjeve za isključivo ekonomskim vidom aktivnosti. Privilegirani položaj nije im, međutim, upravo zbog proturevolucionarne i u osnovi proturadničke djelatnosti, osigurao veći priliv članstva. Do svibnja 1929. godine u Dalmaciji je boravilo nekoliko instruktora CK KPJ i CK SKOJ-a koji su pokušavali oživjeti rad partijske organizacije, čija se praktična aktivnost nakon neuspjeha novog Pokrajinskog sekretarijata KPJ svodila uglavnom na agitaciono-propagandni rad. Sukobi u vrhovima organizacije, koji su zrcalili ozbiljnije nesporazume u rukovodstvu KPJ u inozemstvu, usporavali su ionako nedovoljno osmišljenu sindikalnu politiku koja će tek 1932. g. rezultirati vidljivim pomacima i konkretnijim rezultatima.
Neke karakteristike stanja i kretanja da dalmatinskom selu od sredine 18. st. do Prvoga svjetskog rata
U drugoj polovici osamnaestog stoljeća pod utjecajem fiziokratskih strujanja nastaju skromne promjene u tradicionalnom načinu rada i života na dalmatinskom selu. One se mogu pratiti za francuske, ne toliko u prvim desetljećima austrijske uprave, dok je u drugoj polovici devetnaestog stoljeća taj proces vidniji, osobito uoči prvoga svjetskog rata. Proces modernizacije se očituje u uvođenju novih kultura, raznih sorti voćaka, primjeni novih sredstava za rad, podizanju kuća na kat i odvajanju stoke u zasebne gospodarske zgrade, osnivanju seoskih blagajni i zadruga te uključivanju u skromno turističko privređivanje. Sve će to pridonijeti racionalnom gospodarenju i štednji. Preobrazba sela i seljaštva je tekla dosta sporo zbog nerazriješenih zemljišnih odnosa u primorju i na otocima, pojavi lihve u Dalmatinskoj zagori, zaostalosti i neprosvijećenosti seljaka, primitivnih sredstava za rad te nedovoljne financijske i druge pomoći državnih vlasti. Za to se nisu zauzele ni građanske stranke, iz klasnih interesa, pa ni socijalisti, osim verbalne podrške, već ponešto Hrvatska demokratska pučka stranka preko »Seljačke sloge« uoči prvoga svjetskog rata. Stoga je vladala stalna nesnošljivost između sela i grada, kape i šešira, koja se očitovala u pasivnom i aktivnom otporu seljaka zemljišnim vlasnicima i državi s antifeudalnim i antiaustrijskiim obilježjem u primorju i na otocima, napose u Boki Kotorskoj. Pojava osnovnih škola, čitaonica i knjižnica na selu, zatim zdravstveno prosvjećivanje te prijelaz zemlje u ruke onih koji je obrađuju, doprinijet će gospodarskom osamostaljenju, buđenju političke, nacionalne i društvene svijesti i postupnu rađanju seljačke samosvijesti.