The paper presents an innovative economy - bioeconomy and explains the role of geography education in its development. The aim of the bioeconomy is to develop low-emission economies focused on developing the primary sector (agriculture, fishing, forestry), food security and sufficiency, encouraging the use of biomass in industry, protecting biodiversity and the environment (European Commission, 2012). The shift from the traditional linear model of economy to the bioeconomy entails a move away from fossil resources and toward bio-renewable resources as well as a transition from a linear to a circular economy. Alongside entrepreneurs, the government/policies, scientific institutions, and international cooperation, formal, non-formal and informal education of every stakeholder in this economic area plays a key role in the development of the bioeconomy. The primary goal of this paper is to emphasize the role of geography education in and for the development of circular economy (bioeconomy), which is an aim of the Republic of Croatia defined by Development Direction 3, “Green and Digital Transition” (National Development Strategy 2030, 2020.). The secondary objectives of this paper are to analyse general theoretical features of the bioeconomy as well as employment and turnover structure in the EU bioeconomy sectors, with a special emphasis on the situation in the Republic of Croatia. The results of the work show that the Croatian bioeconomy is only in the initial cycle of its development. The Geography curriculum for primary schools and grammar schools (2019) contains a significant number of educational outcomes that concern energy sources, climate and climate change, ecosystems, biodiversity and the development of smart cities. Adopting these outcomes may contribute to the acquisition of competencies necessary for the development of new approaches of more innovative economies. The research was conducted using quantitative and qualitative methods. The analysis of the curricular content, especially the elaborations of outcomes geared toward a further development of the bioeconomy, is the basis for shaping professional development training for geography teachers to enable a more innovative and efficient management of the learning and teaching of these contents.

Since the start of census taking, the largest share of Croats in the total population of Bosnia and Herzegovina was recorded in 1948; this share has been reduced in every subsequent census due to intense emigration. Despite this, the total number of Croats continued to grow until 1971 because high natural increase compensated for the demographic losses caused by emigration. However, after 1971 emigration became the determinant component of total change. In the war following the collapse of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, 8,000–9,000 Croats were killed, but there were considerably greater demographic losses caused by forced migration. Less than 30% of the 312,000 Croatian refugees returned to the country, and the same proportion of displaced people returned to their homes. As a result, Croats have completely disappeared from some parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina; roughly half of the remaining Croats are concentrated in western Herzegovina and Završje, and some are in Croatian enclaves in central Bosnia and Bosnian Posavina, while the remainder mostly live as minorities in Bosniak majority areas. This exodus of population, of the optimal age for work and reproduction, accelerated demographic aging and reduced the reproductive potential of the population; following a short ‘baby boom’ in the first few years after the war, birth rates fell and mortality rates rose. The poor economic situation and political instability in the post-war era resulted in a fertility decline and an increasing trend of emigration, especially after Croatia’s accession to the European Union. The number of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina decreased by roughly 216,000 in the period from 1991 to 2013 (28.4%) and the negative trend continues into present day. Croats with the worst demographic prospects are those living in areas where there are few of them, i.e. in the Republika Srpska and Bosniak cantons. Croats in central Bosnia have more favourable characteristics and potential for revitalization, while those in western Herzegovina and Završje (the largest continuous area with majority Croatian population) are in the best position in terms of demographics. However, considering current negative trends, only the urgent implementation of the appropriate development and population policy can ensure that Croats are constituent people in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their long-term existence there.

The article presents a review of diocesan spatial organization in Bosnia and Herzegovina by placing it, in a narrow sense, in the context of geopolitical consideration. In the broader sense, observing it from the aspect of the role of the Vatican state and the Catholic Church in the geopolitical configuration of the Balkans, the article contextualizes this spatial organization in relation to the wider regional and European context. In theoretical sense, the article delves into theoretical aspects of political geography and geography of religion. In the methodological sense, the article initially explains the historical context of the emergence of diocesan spatial organization in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, based on census data, the article researches and cartographically interprets the discrepancies between diocesan borders and areas inhabited by Croats as the only predominantly Catholic constituent people in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Finally, the article confirms the hypothesis that, unlike the ethnic-based approach, the geopolitical approach is crucial in the spatial organization of the Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The subject of research and the purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of globalization on identity change within one of the most popular sports today, football. In order to avoid generalizations in the analysis, the English Premiership, one of the most famous football leagues, was chosen as a case study. The theoretical framework of the research is related to the identification of local changes under the influence of the global process, predominantly social and political. The time of the research covers the period from the creation of the Premiership, i.e. from 1992 until today. The research on selected globalization influences on the League’s development will try to clarify social changes resulting from the interaction of two main geographical segments - space and people. With the help of selected economic and financial indicators, the change of the local identity of the League, which was present in the past, into an increasingly pronounced global identity will be presented. In conclusion, it was found that the mentioned football league is an excellent example of the growing impact of the globalization process on sports, especially when it comes to world-famous football.